Coaching a gymnast in the "basket with salto backward tucked to upper arm hang (Tejada)" on the parallel bars

本研究では，障がい児と健常児を対象として，障がいの有無に関わらず，みんなでサッカーを楽しむことを意図したスポーツ活動プログラムに参加することで，参加者の運動有能感が向上するのかということについて明らかにすることを目的とした．対象者は，特別支援学級に在籍し，知的障害を有する障がい児9名と普通学級に在籍する健常児12名であった．対象者に対して，スポーツ活動プログラムの参加前後（preとpost）で運動有能感尺度による調査を行った．運動有能感尺度得点について，群（障がい児と健常児）×測定時期（preとpost）の分散分析を行った．その結果，運動有能感尺度の下位尺度である「統制感」の交互作用が有意傾向を示した．「統制感」について，Bonferroni法による単純主効果の検定を実施した結果，preにおいて，障がい児の得点が健常児の得点よりも有意に低かった．また，障がい児において，postの得点がpreの得点よりも有意に高かった．本研究により，障がい児と健常児が一緒に障がいの有無に関わらず，みんなでサッカーを楽しむことを意図したスポーツ活動プログラムに参加することで，障がい児の運動有能感下位尺度の1つである「統制感」が向上することが示唆された．

Effects of playing sports together on the physical competence of children with and without disabilities
The present study examined whether the physical competence of children with and without disabilities could be improved if they participated in a sports activity program intended for children to enjoy soccer together, regardless of disabilities. The participants included nine children with intellectual disabilities enrolled in a special support class and 12 children without intellectual disabilities enrolled in a standard class. A questionnaire survey of the children’s physical competence was conducted before and after their participation (pre and post) in the soccer games. ANOVA was performed on the athletic ability scale scores using a linear mixed model of group (children with disabilities and children without disabilities) × time (pre and post). The interaction of the feeling of control, one of the subscales of the questionnaire, was marginally significant. The simple main effect test following the Bonferroni method showed that, on the pre-participation questionnaire, the scores of the children with disabilities were significantly lower than those of the children without disabilities. However, the post-participation scores of the children with disabilities were significantly higher than their pre-participation scores. These results suggest that the feeling of control of children with disabilities may improve so as to be at par with that of children without disabilities when children with disabilities participate in a team sports activity involving children with and without disabilities.

An inspection report in gator swim club: Training method of Olympic gold medalist

本研究では，柔道の長期的実践が健康の保持・増進に寄与するかを検討することを目的に，長期的柔道実践者を対象に健康関連QOL（質問紙調査）と体組成（測定調査）の調査を実施した．２度の調査の結果，質問紙調査では250，体組成の測定調査では323の標本をそれぞれ採集した．採集された標本について各種分析を実施した結果，長期的柔道実践者の健康関連QOLについては国民標準値と比べても高い項目が見られた．長期的柔道実践者の年齢や経験年数，稽古頻度で健康関連QOLを比較した結果では年齢が高い，経験年数や稽古頻度が多い群の方が有意に高いことが明らかとなった．長期的柔道実践者の体組成については，FFMIとBMIの両方が先行研究よりも高く，FMIは通常と変わらないことが明らかとなった．先行研究より，体組成における除脂肪量の多さは健康の保持・増進と関連しているため，長期的柔道実践者の体組成は健康的であることが示唆された．以上の結果は長期的柔道実践者の良好な健康状況を示唆するものであり，生涯スポーツとして柔道に取り組むことは健康の保持・増進に寄与しうる可能性を示唆するものであると考えられる．

Health-related quality of life and body composition of long-term judoka
The present study examined whether the long-term practice of judo is associated with maintenance of and improvement in health, specifically the quality of life (QOL) and health condition of individuals who had practiced judo for a long time. Their quality of life was assessed through questionnaires, and their health, through measurements of their body composition. Two surveys of judoka who had practiced judo for long time resulted in 250 usable quality of life questionnaires. In addition, the body composition measurement survey resulted in useable data from 323 respondents. Analysis of the data showed that the health-related quality of life of long-term judoka was higher than the national standard value. A comparison of the participants’ health-related quality of life by age, years of experience as a judoka, and training frequency revealed that the health-related quality of life in the older respondents, those with more years of experience, and those with a greater frequency of training was significantly higher. Analysis of the body composition measures of these long-term judo practitioners indicated that their fat free mass index (FFMI) and body mass index (BMI) were higher than had been reported in previous studies, and their fat mass index (FMI) was unchanged. Previous studies had suggested that because a high lean body mass is associated with maintaining and improving health, long-term judo practitioners must have healthy bodies. The results from the present study suggest that these long-term judo practitioners were healthy. It is possible that life-long practice of judo may to contribute maintaining and improving individuals’ health.

本研究は，うつ伏せと仰向けでの水中ドルフィンキックの動作と筋活動の違いを明らかにすることを目的とした．本研究には大学男子競泳選手8名が参加した．試技では，うつ伏せと仰向けでの15 m全力水中ドルフィンキック泳をそれぞれ行い，試技中の二次元動作分析と表面筋電図計測を行った．結果として，試技間で平均泳速度，キック頻度，けり幅，ストローハル数には有意差は示されなかった．しかしながら，仰向け時はうつ伏せ時よりも肩関節の動作範囲と足関節最大底屈角度が有意に大きく，腰関節の動作範囲が有意に小さいことが明らかになった．また，筋活動変位では試技間で差は示されなかったものの，仰向け時はうつ伏せ時よりも腹直筋と外腹斜筋の平均活動度合が有意に高いことが明らかになった．以上の結果から，仰向けの水中ドルフィンキックでは，けり上げ時において肩関節や腰関節で上肢を押し下げるように動かし，けり下げ時においては腹筋群をより活動させるべきであると示唆された.

Comparison of kinematics and muscle activity in prone and dorsal underwater dolphin kicks
The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in kinematics and muscle activity between prone and dorsal underwater dolphin kicks. The participants, 8 male collegiate swimmers, performed trials in which they did 15-m underwater dolphin kick swims in the prone and dorsal positions at maximum effort. During the swim trials, 2-D motion analysis was conducted, and surface electromyography (EMG) was measured from 8 muscles in each swimmer’s trunk, thigh, and lower leg in order to obtain data for kinematic and muscle activity analyses. No significant differences were found in average swimming speed, kick frequency, kick amplitude, or Strouhal number between the two kick positions. However, the range of motion of the shoulder joint and the maximum angle of plantar flexion of the ankles were significantly larger, and the range of motion in the trunk was significantly smaller when the participants swam in the dorsal position than when in the prone position. In addition, although no significant difference was found in muscle activity pattern between the two positions, the average EMG of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles was significantly higher in the dorsal position than in the prone position. These results suggest that in dorsal underwater dolphin kicks, the upper limbs should be pushed down by the shoulder and hip joints during upward kicking, and the abdominal muscles should be more active during downward kicking.

本研究では，バスケットボールのドライブ動作の踏み出し動作およびドライブ方向の違いが運動パフォーマンスに及ぼす影響について明らかにすることを目的とした．ここでは，左右ドライブ方向と，2つのステップ条件(openとcross)の4条件のドライブ動作を分析し，条件間の計測項目の違いを調査した．大学男子バスケットボール選手10名を対象とした．動作計測では，対象者の前方にディフェンダーに見立てたポールを配置し，対象者にはこのポールをかわしてドライブ動作をするよう指示した．光学式3次元動作分析装置と床反力計を用いて，動作を分析した．運動パフォーマンスは，反応時間，移動速度，軸脚で発揮される推進力および体幹回旋角度のパラメータで評価した．本研究より，以下の知見を得た．ドライブ動作時のステップ動作の違いによって反応時間に有意差は認められない．openステップに比べ，crossステップの方が大きな推進力を発揮できるため，ポールの横をすり抜ける際の移動速度が有意に大きくなる．ステップ動作の違いは体幹回旋角度に影響を及ぼし，crossステップよりもopenステップ方が，回旋角度が大きかった.

Effects of different steps when driving forward on athletic performance in basketball
The present study examined effects on basketball players’ performance of differences in stepping movements and the direction of a player’s drive, under a total of four conditions: driving to the left or right combined with stepping with open steps or cross steps. The participants were ten male university basketball players. A pole resembling a defender was placed in front of a participant, and the participant was instructed to dodge the defender (the pole) and drive forward, either to the left or to the right. An optical 3D motion analyzer and force plates measuring the force on the floor were used to analyze the participants’ movements. The participants’ performance was evaluated from their reaction time, the speed of their movements, the driving force of their axial leg, and the angle of rotation of their body. The results were as follows: (a) no significant difference was found in reaction time between the two types of stepping movements when the participants were driving forward, (b) cross steps were associated with significantly faster movement when the participants were passing by the side of the pole, perhaps because cross steps provide a greater propulsive force than open steps, (c) differences between the two stepping movements affected the angle of rotation of the body, and (d) the angle of rotation was greater when the participants used open steps than when they used cross steps.

本研究では，疾走能力を高めるための練習手段として考えられている高速スキップ運動を取り上げ，体育専攻学生を対象として，高速スキップ運動の動作を観察的動作評価法により類型化し，類型化された動作の客観的特徴を明らかにすると同時に，疾走運動との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．その結果，作成した高速スキップ運動の評価基準を用いた潜在クラス分析より，対象者の高速スキップ運動の動作は3クラスに分類された．3クラスでは，動作評価の合計得点が高いクラスほど，高速スキップ運動の速度や地面反力が有意に大きいことが明らかとなった．また，高速スキップ運動と疾走運動との関係性について検討すると，高速スキップ運動のクラス毎に疾走運動の速度が異なることや速度を含めた時空間変数にも相互に有意な相関関係があることが確認された．このことは，高速スキップ運動において動作タイプを把握して，速度を向上させる動作改善等を行うことで，疾走運動の速度を改善させる可能性を示している．

Relationship between type of movement in high-speed skips exercises and sprinting performances
The present study examined a high-speed skips exercise that is generally considered to be an effective training method for improving sprinting performances. The participants were 34 university male students who were majoring in physical education. An observational method was used to evaluate their movements when doing high-speed skips. The movements were classified into patterns to clarify their objective features and the relationship of the high-speed skipping movements and sprinting performances. Latent class analysis was used to classify the participants’ high-speed skips movements into 3 categories according to a standard developed for evaluating these movements. In this evaluation, the greater the number of total points given to the participants’ movements, the faster the speed and the stronger the ground reaction force of their high-speed skips movements. An analysis of the relationship between the participants’ high-speed skips movements and their performances in the sprint confirmed that their sprinting speed differed among the categories of high-speed skips movements. In addition, the spatiotemporal variables, including speed, were significantly correlated with each other. These results suggest that sprinting speed may be improved through an understanding of movement types in the high-speed skips exercise.

フィギュアスケートのジャンプの得点は難易度に応じた基礎点と，質を表す出来栄え点の合計で決まり，回転不足と判定されれば多くの場合両方で減点されてしまう．回転不足判定の基準は競技規則中に明文化されているが，規則に関する講習会の参加はインストラクターなどに限られ，一競技者に対しては行われていない．また，競技者が判定基準について共通認識を得ることができているかを調査した研究は見当たらない．本研究では放映映像を用いて大学部活動部員にジャンプの回転不足判定を行ってもらい,実際の競技結果と比較検討を行った．結果，競技者の持つ判定基準の認識が実際のものよりも甘い可能性を示した．また，所持級・競技歴・インストラクターの指導頻度について,中央値を閾値として２群に分け正解率の差の検定を行ったところ，インストラクターの指導頻度が高い群が低い群に比べて有意に正解率が高かった．これは競技者が独学で判定基準を理解する学習機会が限定的であることが原因と考えられる．競技者が自身のパフォーマンスを評価し，適切な技術向上サイクルをまわすためにも，判定基準の共通認識を形成できるための環境整備が求められるのではないか．

Judging under-rotation in figure skating: university figure skaters' understanding of the scoring rules
The scoring of jumps in figure skating is determined from a combination of points for technical difficulty and for quality. If a jump is judged to be under-rotated, points are generally deducted from both of those scores. The standards for judging a jump to be under-rotated are defined in the official competition rules. Seminars on the rules are provided for coaches, but not for skaters. Further, the present authors were unable to find any published investigation of skaters’ understanding of judges’ scoring standards. The present study compared university skate club members’ judgments of under-rotations to judgments made in actual competitions, using videos of competitions that had been broadcast. The results suggested that the university skaters’ judgments tended to be more lenient than the ones made by the competition judges. For the analysis, the participants (N=22) were divided into two groups at the median. The scoring by the skaters who had had more coaching corresponded more closely to that of the competition judges than did the scoring by the skaters who had had less coaching. This may be a result of the skaters having had very limited opportunities to learn the standard scoring criteria on their own. In order for skaters to be able to evaluate their own performance and improve their technique, it may be necessary to establish a system in which judges and skaters can come to a common understanding of the scoring standards.

競泳のキックスタートでは左右の脚を前後に開き，スタート姿勢を構える．本研究ではスタート姿勢を構える際，脚筋力が大きい脚を前後どちらに配置することが望ましいか，スタートパフォーマンスに及ぼす影響から検討することを目的とした．対象は，16名の男女大学競泳選手とし，左右脚の前後配置を交互に入れ替えさせ，合計4本のキックスタートを実施させた．脚筋力については，膝関節伸展方向への等尺性最大筋力を左右それぞれ計測し，脚筋力の大きい脚を判定した．測定項目は，跳び出し速度，跳び出し水平速度，跳び出し垂直速度および跳び出し角度を算出した．その結果，脚筋力が大きい脚を前方に配置したスタート姿勢において，跳び出し速度および跳び出し水平速度が有意に高い値を示していた．したがって，脚筋力が大きい脚を前方に配置することは，キックスタートパフォーマンスを向上させる可能性があることが示唆された.

Effects of leg position on kick start performance: considering leg strength
In the kick start, swimmers put one foot on the front edge of the starting block, and the other foot on the back plate. The present study compared effects of competitive swimmers’ foot position on their kick start performance, specifically on whether their stronger leg was placed in the front or the rear. College swimmers (12 male, 4 female) performed 4 kick starts, alternately using their preferred and non-preferred combination of front and rear foot positions. A Biodex System 3™ was used to measure the isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the extension of both of the swimmers’ knees, in order to determine which was the stronger leg. Other measures analyzed were start parameters, that is, the take-off horizontal and vertical svelocities and the take-off angle. The take-off velocity and the horizontal take-off velocities with the stronger leg on the front edge of the starting block were significantly higher than with the weaker leg in that position. These results suggest that positioning the stronger leg in front may improve kick-start performance.