Coaching a gymnast in the "basket with salto backward tucked to upper arm hang (Tejada)" on the parallel bars

本研究では，障がい児と健常児を対象として，障がいの有無に関わらず，みんなでサッカーを楽しむことを意図したスポーツ活動プログラムに参加することで，参加者の運動有能感が向上するのかということについて明らかにすることを目的とした．対象者は，特別支援学級に在籍し，知的障害を有する障がい児9名と普通学級に在籍する健常児12名であった．対象者に対して，スポーツ活動プログラムの参加前後（preとpost）で運動有能感尺度による調査を行った．運動有能感尺度得点について，群（障がい児と健常児）×測定時期（preとpost）の分散分析を行った．その結果，運動有能感尺度の下位尺度である「統制感」の交互作用が有意傾向を示した．「統制感」について，Bonferroni法による単純主効果の検定を実施した結果，preにおいて，障がい児の得点が健常児の得点よりも有意に低かった．また，障がい児において，postの得点がpreの得点よりも有意に高かった．本研究により，障がい児と健常児が一緒に障がいの有無に関わらず，みんなでサッカーを楽しむことを意図したスポーツ活動プログラムに参加することで，障がい児の運動有能感下位尺度の1つである「統制感」が向上することが示唆された．

Effects of playing sports together on the physical competence of children with and without disabilities
The present study examined whether the physical competence of children with and without disabilities could be improved if they participated in a sports activity program intended for children to enjoy soccer together, regardless of disabilities. The participants included nine children with intellectual disabilities enrolled in a special support class and 12 children without intellectual disabilities enrolled in a standard class. A questionnaire survey of the children’s physical competence was conducted before and after their participation (pre and post) in the soccer games. ANOVA was performed on the athletic ability scale scores using a linear mixed model of group (children with disabilities and children without disabilities) × time (pre and post). The interaction of the feeling of control, one of the subscales of the questionnaire, was marginally significant. The simple main effect test following the Bonferroni method showed that, on the pre-participation questionnaire, the scores of the children with disabilities were significantly lower than those of the children without disabilities. However, the post-participation scores of the children with disabilities were significantly higher than their pre-participation scores. These results suggest that the feeling of control of children with disabilities may improve so as to be at par with that of children without disabilities when children with disabilities participate in a team sports activity involving children with and without disabilities.

An inspection report in gator swim club: Training method of Olympic gold medalist

本研究では，柔道の長期的実践が健康の保持・増進に寄与するかを検討することを目的に，長期的柔道実践者を対象に健康関連QOL（質問紙調査）と体組成（測定調査）の調査を実施した．２度の調査の結果，質問紙調査では250，体組成の測定調査では323の標本をそれぞれ採集した．採集された標本について各種分析を実施した結果，長期的柔道実践者の健康関連QOLについては国民標準値と比べても高い項目が見られた．長期的柔道実践者の年齢や経験年数，稽古頻度で健康関連QOLを比較した結果では年齢が高い，経験年数や稽古頻度が多い群の方が有意に高いことが明らかとなった．長期的柔道実践者の体組成については，FFMIとBMIの両方が先行研究よりも高く，FMIは通常と変わらないことが明らかとなった．先行研究より，体組成における除脂肪量の多さは健康の保持・増進と関連しているため，長期的柔道実践者の体組成は健康的であることが示唆された．以上の結果は長期的柔道実践者の良好な健康状況を示唆するものであり，生涯スポーツとして柔道に取り組むことは健康の保持・増進に寄与しうる可能性を示唆するものであると考えられる．

Health-related quality of life and body composition of long-term judoka
The present study examined whether the long-term practice of judo is associated with maintenance of and improvement in health, specifically the quality of life (QOL) and health condition of individuals who had practiced judo for a long time. Their quality of life was assessed through questionnaires, and their health, through measurements of their body composition. Two surveys of judoka who had practiced judo for long time resulted in 250 usable quality of life questionnaires. In addition, the body composition measurement survey resulted in useable data from 323 respondents. Analysis of the data showed that the health-related quality of life of long-term judoka was higher than the national standard value. A comparison of the participants’ health-related quality of life by age, years of experience as a judoka, and training frequency revealed that the health-related quality of life in the older respondents, those with more years of experience, and those with a greater frequency of training was significantly higher. Analysis of the body composition measures of these long-term judo practitioners indicated that their fat free mass index (FFMI) and body mass index (BMI) were higher than had been reported in previous studies, and their fat mass index (FMI) was unchanged. Previous studies had suggested that because a high lean body mass is associated with maintaining and improving health, long-term judo practitioners must have healthy bodies. The results from the present study suggest that these long-term judo practitioners were healthy. It is possible that life-long practice of judo may to contribute maintaining and improving individuals’ health.

本研究は，うつ伏せと仰向けでの水中ドルフィンキックの動作と筋活動の違いを明らかにすることを目的とした．本研究には大学男子競泳選手8名が参加した．試技では，うつ伏せと仰向けでの15 m全力水中ドルフィンキック泳をそれぞれ行い，試技中の二次元動作分析と表面筋電図計測を行った．結果として，試技間で平均泳速度，キック頻度，けり幅，ストローハル数には有意差は示されなかった．しかしながら，仰向け時はうつ伏せ時よりも肩関節の動作範囲と足関節最大底屈角度が有意に大きく，腰関節の動作範囲が有意に小さいことが明らかになった．また，筋活動変位では試技間で差は示されなかったものの，仰向け時はうつ伏せ時よりも腹直筋と外腹斜筋の平均活動度合が有意に高いことが明らかになった．以上の結果から，仰向けの水中ドルフィンキックでは，けり上げ時において肩関節や腰関節で上肢を押し下げるように動かし，けり下げ時においては腹筋群をより活動させるべきであると示唆された.

Comparison of kinematics and muscle activity in prone and dorsal underwater dolphin kicks
The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in kinematics and muscle activity between prone and dorsal underwater dolphin kicks. The participants, 8 male collegiate swimmers, performed trials in which they did 15-m underwater dolphin kick swims in the prone and dorsal positions at maximum effort. During the swim trials, 2-D motion analysis was conducted, and surface electromyography (EMG) was measured from 8 muscles in each swimmer’s trunk, thigh, and lower leg in order to obtain data for kinematic and muscle activity analyses. No significant differences were found in average swimming speed, kick frequency, kick amplitude, or Strouhal number between the two kick positions. However, the range of motion of the shoulder joint and the maximum angle of plantar flexion of the ankles were significantly larger, and the range of motion in the trunk was significantly smaller when the participants swam in the dorsal position than when in the prone position. In addition, although no significant difference was found in muscle activity pattern between the two positions, the average EMG of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles was significantly higher in the dorsal position than in the prone position. These results suggest that in dorsal underwater dolphin kicks, the upper limbs should be pushed down by the shoulder and hip joints during upward kicking, and the abdominal muscles should be more active during downward kicking.