バレーボールにおいてブロックは重要なプレーとして認識され，セットの勝敗に関わる要因の一つである．本研究はブロックにおける指導者の主観的な評価とブロックパフォーマンスをバイオメカニクスの複合的な観点から関係を明らかにすることを目的とし，コーチングの有用な知見となると考えた．対象は大学女子バレーボール選手15名を対象とした．また，評価者は，全日本学生選手権で優勝経験を有するA大学の監督およびコーチとした．実験はセッターからのトスが左右方向のいずれかにランダムに上がることを選手に伝え，ネット中央からトスに反応してブロックを行ってもらった．ブロック評価は「反応の速さ」，「移動の速さ」，「滞空時間」，「ブロックの高さ」，「総合的なブロック力」の5項目とし，評価者にはVisual Analog Scale(VAS)を用いて回答を得た．ブロックパフォーマンスはブロック評価から考えられる10項目を算出した．その結果，移動の速さとブロックの高さに関する項目が両者とも抽出されたことから，指導者のブロック評価は助走とブロックの高さが最も重要な項目であることが明らかになった.

Relation between a coach's subjective evaluations and the blocking performance of female university volleyball players
The block is recognized as an important play in volleyball for dominating the results of a game. The present study examined the relation between a coach’s subjective evaluations and volleyball players’ blocking performance from a biomechanical multiplex point of view in order to get information that might be useful for coaching. The participants were 15 female university volleyball players. The evaluators were a director and a coach at A university, which had won an All Japan University Student Championship. In the experiment, the players were requested to react to a toss launched by a setter in a random direction (right or left), blocking it at the center of the net. The evaluators used a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The participants’ blocking performance was evaluated with 5 measures: reaction time, speed of movement, airborne time, height of block, and total power of block. In the analysis of the results, items relating to the speed of movement and the height of the block were extracted by both evaluators. Thus, those two measures are considered to be the most important of the 5 items for the coach's evaluation of the players' blocking.

本研究では，長崎県在住の20歳以上の男女を対象とした平成27年度長崎県民のスポーツ実態に関するアンケート調査を分析し，長崎県における運動の実施状況の実態について明らかにするとともに，運動習慣化に関する要因を検討し，運動習慣化に向けた対策を考察した．長崎県民3,000名を対象にアンケートを郵送し，回答が得られた1,306名のうち1,186名を分析対象とした．その結果，運動習慣群の特徴は，60歳代以上や非就労者が多いことなどが挙げられた．これは，時間的余裕があることで，運動時間の確保が容易であるためであると推察された．また，運動実施が，主観的健康観や体力への自信につながっていることが推察された．一方，非運動習慣群は，20 歳代から 40 歳代の就労者が多く，運動を行いたいと考えているものの実際には運動実施に至っていない者が多く存在していた．ソーシャル・サポートや，運動環境の整備等により，運動への関心・意欲がある程度高いものの行動に移せていない者の運動習慣化を促していくことが，今後の課題であろう．

Survey of the active habits of healthy adults in Nagasaki Prefecture
The present study analyzed the results of a survey conducted in 2015 on the active habits of healthy people over 20 years of age in Nagasaki Prefecture, and proposes a way to measure their sport, outdoor recreation, and exercise activities. A questionnaire was sent by postal mail to a sample of 3,000 residents of Nagasaki Prefecture who were over 20 years of age. Of the 1,306 questionnaires that were returned, 1,186 were used in the analysis for the present study. The respondents who reported that they regularly engaged in sports, outdoor recreation, or exercises were mostly people over 60 who had retired. They have time to engage in enough activities that their health-consciousness was satisfied, and have self-confidence in their physical strength. On the other hand, the respondents who reported no custom of participating in sports, outdoor recreation, or exercises were mostly working people between 20 and 40 years old. They would like to engage in sports, exercising, and outdoor recreation, but cannot afford to. A theme for future study is how to provide social support and a sport- and exercise-friendly environment to people who are not active at present in spite of having an interest and desire to engage in sports, exercising, and outdoor recreation.

本研究は，アーティスティックスイミング（AS）競技におけるエキスパート指導者の指導観を可視化することを目的とした．調査対象者は，日本代表コーチとして経験を積み，エリート選手の育成と，AS競技の発展に多大な功績を残した指導者1名であり，その指導意図，指導の価値および指導の視点を分析した．1対1の対面インタビューによって収集された発話データは，SCAT法を参考にした質的分析により検討された．その結果，ASのエキスパート指導者は，指導の本質を選手主体の学びの支援と認識し，選手の変化に応じて自身の指導を振り返り，指導方法を模索するといった指導者としての基盤を持ち，具体的に実践していた．さらに，競技特性を見据えた環境づくりを行うことで効果的な学びを支援し，動きの修正を行っていた．

Examining the coaching methods of an expert coach of artistic swimming: clues gained from a SCAT analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interviews
The present study examined the opinions about coaching of an expert coach of artistic swimming (AS). This coach was chosen as the participant because she had been the coach of the Japanese national team and had contributed greatly to training elite artistic swimmers as well as to the development of artistic swimming. Utterance data about her philosophy and viewpoint of coaching were collected in face to face, semi-structured, in-depth interviews and then analyzed in order to enable a deeper examination. The Steps for Coding and Theorization (SCAT) method, a method of qualitative analysis of text commonly used in Japan, was utilized for the analysis. The analysis revealed that the coach believed that the core of coaching was supporting swimmers’ independent learning. Her basic coaching method was examining her own coaching in response to changes in the athletes’ swimming, in order to search for a better way. She practiced this method concretely. Furthermore, she prepared an environment suitable for supporting swimmers’ efficient learning of artistic swimming, and she corrected their movements.

本研究では，コートを9分割したzone別の自チーム軟攻決定率および自チーム軟攻からの相手チームのハイセット率を調査して，そこから見られるバレーボール競技における軟攻の有効性について検討し，基礎的な知見を得ることを目的とした．そして，結論として1. 軟攻決定率は全体で28.9%であった．軟攻の中で最も決定率が高い攻撃はプッシュで38.4%，次いでフェイント24.3%，ハーフショット24.1%の順であった．攻撃別のzone打数については，フェイントはフロントエリアのzone2，3，4に集中し，プッシュとハーフショットはzone8に集中していた．2. 自チーム軟攻から相手トランジションアタックでのハイセット率は，軟攻全体で31.4%であった．軟攻の中で最もハイセット率が高いのはフェイントで42.1%，次いでプッシュ25.9%，ハーフショットの24.7%の順であった．相手のハイセット率が高くなる攻撃とzoneは，ハーフショットのzone3で51.7%，フェイント攻撃のzone3が47.6%，同じくフェイント攻撃のzone2で46.4%であった．以上の結論から，軟攻は相手との駆け引きのもと得点に繋がること，自チームが守備から攻撃への切り替えに結びつけるための相手の戦術的動向を限定することの2点において有効性があるといえる．

Examination of effectiveness of the soft attack in volleyball at a women's university
The purpose of the present study was to obtain basic knowledge about soft attacks in volleyball competitions, specifically the effectiveness of soft attacks. The participating teams were the volleyball team at a women’s university and their opponents. The data were the participating team's soft attack decision rate for each zone, divided into 9 courts, and the percentage of high sets of an opponent team when responding to the team's soft attack. The results were as follows: (a) Soft attack decisions were 28.9% of the total. Of those, 24.3% were for feint decisions, 38.4% for push decisions, and 24.1% for half shot decisions. Of the nine courts, the number of attempts was concentrated in zones 2, 3, and 4 for feints, and zone 8 for push and half shots. (b) The results for high sets in the opponent team's transition attack following the participating team's soft attack were 31.4% for the overall soft attack, 42.1% for feints, 25.9% for pushes, and 24.7% for half shots. Specifically, high sets were concentrated in zone 2 (46.4%) and zone 3 (47.6%) for the feint, and zone 3 (51.7%) for the half shot. These results suggest that a soft attack may be most effective for two reasons: first, a soft attack may lead to points under bargaining with the opponent team, and second, a soft attack limits the tactical tendency of the opponent team to switch from defense to attack.

本研究の目的は，減量中にBCAAを補給する大学男子柔道選手を対象に，試合に向けた短期間減量の実態を明らかにすることとした．被検者は大学男子柔道部員7名とした．減量期間（最大10日間）および摂取カロリーはこれまで各々が実施してきた減量を基に決定し，減量は2 kg〜7 kg程度であった．また，減量期間中は，練習前にBCAAを摂取した．減量前後の評価は，体組成評価として体重，除脂肪量，脂肪量を，体力評価として握力，垂直跳び，背筋力を測定した．さらに，疲労状況の自覚症しらべに関する内省報告を取った．その結果，体重と除脂肪量は有意に減少したが，脂肪量は減少傾向を示すにとどまった．また，右握力が有意に向上し，その他の体力項目は維持された．疲労状況は，減量後に増加する項目が多くみられたが，カテゴリーの平均値が2.0を下回り，高い値ではなかった．以上のことから，大学男子柔道選手はそれぞれが経験則に基づいた摂取カロリーの抑制による減量を，3日から10日の期間で実施し，体力を維持したまま体重を低下させている実態が明らかとなった．しかし，BCAAを摂取しても除脂肪量が有意に低下していたことから減量方法については改善の余地があることが示唆された．

A body weight reduction in short-term for competition in collegiate male judo athletes: A case study of athletes taking BCAA supplements
The present study aimed to examine the effects on collegiate male judoka’s condition of taking branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) for short-term weight reduction before competitions. The participants were seven male university judo athletes. Each individual’s period of weight adjustment (up to 10 days) and calorie intake were decided based on the past results of his attempts to lose weight; the range was from two to seven kg of their body weight. In the weight adjustment period, they took BCAA before starting training in judo. Body composition measures included body weight, lean body mass, and fat mass; physical strength measures included grip strength, vertical jump, and back strength. Furthermore, subjects were requested to submit introspective reports so that subjective symptoms of fatigue could be checked. After the weight adjustment period, body weight and lean body mass were found to have been reduced significantly, but fat mass showed only a tendency toward reduction. Right-hand grip strength increased significantly; the other physical strength items measured were maintained without significant change. The reports of feelings of fatigue increased after the weight reduction period, but the average value was lower than 2.0, which is not very high. These results represent a case of collegiate male judo athletes who were attempting to adjust their weight by controlling calorie intake according to their own rule of thumb. Their body weight decreased within 3 to 10 days, while their strength was maintained. However, it should also be noted that, in addition to the weight reduction, the lean body mass of participants was reduced significantly after taking BCAA, suggesting the need for further improvement in this weight-adjustment method.

本研究では一人の400m ハードル選手の初レース（59.69 秒）から50.30 秒に達するまでの10 年間 の記録とレースパターンの変遷，および4 年間のレースパターン分析を用いたトレーニング実践事例を，対象者の主観的視点から記述し，記録向上に寄与した要因を検討した．その結果，10 年間という長期の記録とレースパターンの関係には横断的な先行研究と同様の傾向がみられた一方，高校期，大学期，大学院期ごとの関係はそれぞれ異なった．さらに，実際の記録更新時のレースパターンの変化は，中長期的な記録とレースパターンの関係性と必ずしも一貫しなかった．また，対象者は体力的要因の向上を土台に技術，戦術的要因を擦り合わせ，レースイメージの変容とともに記録を向上させており，レースパターン分析は目標のレースイメージに合目的的な体力，技術，戦術トレーニングを採用する際の指針となった．以上のことから，400m ハードル走では発達段階やレースパターンなどの個別性，目標設定のスパンにより効果的なトレーニング戦略は大きく異なる可能性があり，レースパターン分析は，個別のトレーニング課題設定時の指針として有用である考えられた．

Training a 400 meter hurdler: changes in race pattern and training practice based on an analysis of his race pattern over 10 years
The present study describes from subjective point of view the training experiences of a male 400 meter hurdler who improved from 59.69 sec to 50.40 sec in the course of 10 years, and proposes factors that may have contributed to his improvement, using changes in his results, race pattern, and training practice. Similar results were found in an earlier cross-sectional study of 10 years’ records and race patterns, although the reported relationship between the high school, university and graduate school results was not similar to that for the present participant. Furthermore, the change in his race pattern at the time of the record update was not consistent with the changes in the middle-range period. The hurdler achieved his results after improvements in his physical strength, technical and tactical elements, and changes in the race image. The analysis of the race pattern that was a guideline for selecting the physical, technical, and tactical training suggests that effective training strategies for the 400 meter hurdles may depend on individual elements such as developmental stage and race pattern, as well as objective goal setting. Thus analysis of the race pattern may be a useful guide for determining individual training programs.

筆者（B指導者）が実践知として有する高度なペダリング技能を，競技力の高い女子大学長距離競技者（A競技者）に伝達することを試みた．その結果，約1ヶ月の取組みで全日本選手権U23ロードレースにおいて優勝するなど，以前よりも高い成果を安定して発揮できるようになった．第�T期では，AとBとが動画や意見交換を通じて，主観および客観情報を共有して技能改善に取組み，一定の成果は得たが十分な改善にまでは至らなかった．第�U期では，Aは教育実習により競技用自転車による練習が一度もできない中，第�T期で掴んだペダリング運動の感覚を手がかりに，階段登りを用いてその感覚をシミュレーションする補助運動を自身で実践した．第�V期では，その階段登りで掴んだ感覚を自転車の実走に波及させる取組みを自身の手で行い，一定の効果があったと考えられた．以上から，�@指導者は運動技能の指導の際に，技能の獲得は最終的には競技者が自ら体得するしかないことを理解した上で，技能改善のきっかけを効果的に伝えること，�A競技者もこの点を理解した上で，自ら試行錯誤の努力を重ねることが重要であり，両者がそろうことで短期間で技能を改善させることも可能であると考えられた．

One month’s coaching in advanced pedaling techniques of a female university long distance bicycle racer who had high competitive power
The first author (B), who had practical knowledge of advanced pedaling techniques, taught techniques to the second author (A), who was a female university long distance bicycling racer with high competitive power. After one month of this coaching, A consistently got high results, including a win in the All Japan U23 Road Race. In the first period of coaching, A and B talked together and viewed videos in order to share subjective and objective information aimed at improving A’s cycling, but after that, her racing results did not noticeably change. In the second period, although A was too busy with her teaching practicum to have time for practical bicycle training, she was able to engage in simulated training, e.g., when going up stairs, she imitated the sensation of pedaling that she had understood in the first period. In the third period, A put the pedaling sensation from the stair exercise into practice while bicycling, and got a positive effect. This suggests that the following may make it possible to improve cyclists’ technique in a short period: 1) The coach explains clearly to the athlete that the acquisition of technique should eventually be by self-learning from experience. 2) The student athlete understands that and continues to make an effort with trial and error.

本研究は，筆者が考案した補助器具を装着して助走付五段跳を実施させることによって，助走付五段跳の跳躍距離およびシザース動作に及ぼす即時的な影響について事例的に検討した．補助器具を装着して助走付五段跳を実施させると，接地時間および滞空時間が長くなり，総跳躍距離は18.01mから18.29mへ延伸した．その後，補助器具を外したPost測定では総跳躍距離が18.74mとなった．補助器具を装着することによって，接地時の体幹部の前傾および踏切脚の後方への流れを抑えることができたこと．また，踏切脚の引きもどし動作と自由脚の振込動作からなるシザース動作を即時的に強調することができたことによってブレーキロスを少なくするとともに，踏切脚への予備緊張を与えて筋力発揮能力を高め，大きな鉛直力積 (鉛直速度) を獲得することで，跳躍距離の延伸に影響を及ぼしたと考えられた．考案した補助器具はシザース動作を即時的に強調させる手段の一つとなる可能性が示唆された．

Effects of a newly developed auxiliary equipment for the 5-step jump with approach run: jumping distance and scissor action
The present study examined effectiveness of auxiliary equipment that the authors developed for improving jumping distance and scissor action in the air in the five-step jump with approach run. The participant in the study was one male university student. When wearing this auxiliary equipment, he extended his time on the ground before taking-off and in the air during jumping, and his total jumping distance improved from 18.01 m to 18.29 m. In post measurements taken when he was not wearing the auxiliary equipment, his total jumping distance further improved to 18.74 m. Possible reasons for these changes after practice while wearing this auxiliary equipment are as follows: 1)The jumper could control the trunk of his body which had tended to bend forward, as well as his taking-off foot which had tended to move toward the back. 2)The jumper could strengthen the scissor action in the air that consisted of the returning action of the taking-off foot and the swinging action of his free foot. 3)The jumper could give preliminary tension to his taking-off foot, which reduced the breaking loss and increased the exertion of muscle power. 4)The jumper could get a higher vertical speed, which resulted in longer jumping distances. The newly developed auxiliary equipment may be a useful tool for quickly strengthening the scissor action.

本研究は，考案された武術太極拳の「側空翻」(体操競技の「片脚踏み切り，側方伸身宙返り」に類似した動作)の習得プログラムの妥当性を検証するための指導事例研究であった．指導にあたって「側空翻」の技術として,「ホップ技術」,「片脚踏み切り技術」,「腕の振り上げ技術」,「着地技術」の4つの技術を抽出した.「ホップ技術」は助走の勢いを跳躍に繋げることを目的とし，左脚を大きく前に出すことが指導のポイントであった.「片脚踏み切り技術」は高く跳躍することを目的とし，踏み切り時に左脚で強く踏み込むことと右脚を勢いよく振り上げることが指導のポイントであった.「腕の振り上げ技術」も高く跳躍することを目的とし，踏み切り時に両腕を背中側から腰付近を通って胸の前で交差するように振り上げることが指導のポイントであった.「着地技術」はバランスを崩さないように着地することを目的とし，進行方向の反対方向を向いて着地することが指導のポイントであった．指導の結果，対象者である武術太極拳のジュニア選手6名のうち5名が「側空翻」を習得した．以上のことから，本研究で考案した「側空翻」の習得プログラムは妥当であると示唆された．

Coaching junior athletes in how to do cartwheels, a jumping technique used in tai chi
The present study examined effects of a program for teaching how to do cartwheels in tai chi, a movement pattern that resembles the one-legged take-off or sideways somersault in gymnastics. Four techniques were examined: hop, one-foot take-off, upward arm swing, and landing. The hop technique aimed at connecting the approach momentum to the jump. Its coaching points were to step in strongly with the left foot and then swing the right foot upward vigorously. The upward arm swing technique also aimed at jumping high; its coaching points were to swing both arms up from the back past the waist and then to cross them in front of the chest when taking off. The landing technique aimed at having the athletes keep their balance when landing; its coaching point was to land facing in the opposite direction from the run. As a result of implementing these techniques, 5 out of 6 junior athletes were able to do cartwheels. This result suggests that this coaching program may be useful for teaching how to do cartwheels.

筆者は背泳ぎを専門種目としているが，高校時には毎年更新できていた記録が，大学入学以降では停滞していた．そこで自身の泳ぎについて，主観的感覚やレース情報による客観的情報をもとに課題抽出を行った結果，1）ストローク局面で腕と脚の動作のタイミングがずれていること，2）スタートやターンアウト時のバサロキック局面で，先行研究で推奨されているような胸郭の動かし方ができていないことが挙げられた．そこで1）に対しては，バーを用いて上半身を捻転させる補助トレーニングを自身で考案した．2）に対しては，他の選手の情報を参考に，立位の姿勢やバーにぶら下がった状態で，胸郭の動かし方の改善と，滑らかなキックを打つための補助トレーニングを行った．2）ではさらに，陸上での補助トレーニングの効果を泳動作に転移させるための泳ドリルも実施した．その結果，ストローク局面では0秒47，スタート・ターンアウト局面では0秒31タイムが短縮した．またゴールタイムは，高校3年次に出して以後4年間更新できていなかった自己ベスト（2分12秒60）を，大学4年次の日本学生選手権において1秒25短縮することができた．

Supplementary training on land and in water aimed at improvements in a swimmer's backstroke technique: timing of her arm and leg movements in the stroke phase and her Vassallo kick
The first author is a competitive swimmer who specializes in the backstroke. When she was a high school student, her swimming improved every year. After entering university, however, her performance stagnated. She reviewed her subjective feelings and objective information about her race performance, and found that (a) in the stroke phase, the movements of her arms and legs were not coordinating well, and (b) in the Vassallo kick phase at the start and the turn, the movement of her chest did not follow the recommendations of an earlier analysis. In order to improve her swimming results, supplementary training was conducted. To deal with the inadequate coordination of her arms and legs, she practiced twisting her upper body using a bar, and to improve her chest movements and smooth her kick, she practiced standing or hanging down from a bar; she also did a swim drill in which she applied what she had learned in the land-based supplementary training. After the supplementary training, her time improved by 0.47 sec in the stroke phase and 0.32 sec in the start and turn phases. Her time in the Japan Student Championship improved by 1.24 sec compared to her best time when she was in high school, a speed that she had not exceeded in the preceding 4 years.