本研究は日本トップテニス選手2名を対象とし，練習マッチにおけるグラウンドストロークの打球データを測定し，狙うコースや打球するポジションの違いにより打球スピード，回転数，ネット上の通過位置やインパクト位置にどのような特徴があるのかを検討した．練習マッチに勝利した選手Aにおいて，フォアハンド・右サイド，フォアハンド・左サイドの打球スピードはそれぞれ128.1±10.7km/h，130.2±14.4km/hと選手Bよりも約25km/h高い値を示した．ネット上の通過位置とインパクト位置についてみていくと，選手Aは軌道の低い打球で相手を左右に動かす攻撃的なプレーを展開しており，クロスコートとダウン・ザ・ラインに打ち分ける際にもコースの違いに関わらず高いスピードを維持しながら打球できていた．こうした打球データの分析は，オープンコートをつくるためのボールコントロール能力や，試合においてもその能力を発揮できているか，という観点からゲームを評価するものであり，コーチや選手の質的な分析を補助するようなデータを提供できるものと考えられる．

Analysis of data from ground strokes hit by two of Japan’s top tennis players: characteristics of the players’ hits in a practice match
The present study used TrackMan tennis radar to examine features of ball speed, spin rate, net clearance, the ball’s course toward the target, and landing location of balls hit by two male top tennis players in Japan, by collecting data from the ground strokes that they hit in a practice match. The speed of balls hit forehand from the right and left side of player A who won the game was 128.1±10.7 km/h and 130.2±14.4 km/h respectively; this was 25 km/h faster than the balls hit by player B. Examination of the data on net clearance and landing location indicated that player A’s offensive plays with balls having a low trajectory forced the opponent to move from one side of the court to the other. He maintained a high ball speed even when hitting balls cross court and down the line. These analyses may be useful for evaluating players’ skill in controlling the ball and whether the same skill can be demonstrated in actual games, not just in practice. This type of analysis may provide coaches and players with data in support of qualitative analyses.

競泳選手にとって，泳速度を能動的に調節できることは，重要な能力の1つである．本研究では，中・高強度領域のクロール泳における泳速度調節時に重要な身体感覚について検討することを目的とした．対象者は，高校生6名，大学生3名の男女9名とした．試技は50 mクロール泳，泳速度調節は最大努力泳を主観的努力度100%とし，70，80，90%および100%の主観的努力度で各1回計4回実施した．解析項目は，泳タイムとそれをもとに算出した客観的出力，泳動作分析から求めた泳速度，ストローク頻度，ストローク長とした．また，泳速度調節に関わる身体感覚について質問紙を用いて検討した．その結果，主観的努力度は客観的出力 (r = 0.83)，ストローク頻度 (r = 0.82) およびストローク長 (r = -0.77) との間に有意な相関関係を示した (いずれもp < 0.05)．質問紙調査では，「タイミング」，「ストローク頻度」，「リズム」，「力の入れ方」，「ストローク長」の5項目が全回答の平均値より高い値であり，「身体位置」，「動作時間」，「視覚」，「水流感覚」のいずれかの項目と比較し有意に高い得点を示した (p < 0.05)．「水の抵抗」の得点と有意差のある項目はなかった．以上のことから，中・高強度領域で泳速度調節を行える競泳選手が重視している身体感覚は，「タイミング」，「ストローク頻度」，「リズム」，「力の入れ方」，「ストローク長」である可能性が高いと考えられた．

Examination of kinesthesia perceived by competitive swimmers when adjusting the velocity of the front crawl while swimming at middle and high intensities
The active control of swimming velocity is one of the most important abilities for competitive swimmers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the kinesthesia perceived by high school and college competitive swimmers when adjusting their velocity while swimming the front crawl at middle and high intensities. The participants, nine male and female swimmers (6 high school students and 3 college students) who were receiving instruction from the same coach did a 50-m front crawl four times. Maximum effort swimming was set as 100% of the participants’ subjective effort. They did one trial each at subjective effort levels of 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. The total time for each trial was measured, and the objective output was calculated based on the total time. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length were obtained from swimming motion analysis. In addition, the kinesthesia perceived by the swimmers when adjusting their swimming velocity was evaluated from their responses on a questionnaire. Subjective effort was significantly correlated with objective output (r=0.83, p<0.05), stroke frequency (r=-0.82, p<0.05), and stroke length (r=-0.77, p<0.05). In the participants’ questionnaire responses, timing, stroke rate, rhythm, degree of output, and stroke length were rated higher than the average value of all answers, and significantly higher than the ratings for body position, movement time, sight, and water sense (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in items relating to water resistance. Taken together, timing, stroke rate, rhythm, degree of output, and stroke length might be the important kinesthesia perceived by swimmers when adjusting their swimming velocity at medium and high intensities.

本研究では，大学生のバスケットボールリーグ戦を対象として，試合終了時の得点差とリーグ戦終了時の勝率に影響を及ぼす要因を明らかにすることを目的として調査を行った．調査の方法としてX地区学生バスケットボールリーグ戦におけるスタッツを収集し分析を行った．その結果，得点差と勝率に影響する要因として２P成功数，２P試投数，２P成功率，フリースロー成功数，フリースロー試投数，オフェンスリバウンド，トータルリバウンド，アシスト，スティール，ブロックショット，攻撃効率について正の相関関係が認められた．また，ターンオーバー，守備効率については負の相関関係が認められた．次に得点差には影響があるが勝率には影響しない要因としては３P成功数，ディフェンスリバウンドについて正の相関関係が認められた．さらに，勝率には影響があるが得点差には影響しない要因として２P得点率，２P試投率について正の相関関係が認められた．また，３P得点率，３P試投率については負の相関関係が認められた．今回の調査で相関関係の認められた項目について重点的に強化していくことが，長期に渡るリーグ戦を勝ち抜く上で有効であると考えられる．

Factors affecting game outcome and point spread in basketball
The present study investigated factors affecting the final point spread and winning percentage in university basketball games by analyzing the game statistics of a university student basketball league in X area. Factors found to be positively correlated with point spread and winning percentage were the number of two-point shots made, the number of two-point shots attempted, the percentage of two-point shots made, the number of free throws made, the number of free throws attempted, offensive rebounds, total rebounds, assists, steals, blocked shots, and offensive speed, whereas turnovers and defensive speed were found to be negatively correlated with point spread and winning percentage. Factors found to be positively correlated with point spread but not with percentage of wins were the number of three-point shots made and the number of defensive rebounds. Factors found to be positively correlated with percentage of wins but not with point spread were the percentage of two-point shots made and the percentage of two-point shots attempted. The percentage of three-point shots made was found to be negatively correlated with the percentage of three-point shots attempted. The discussion suggests that, for winning over the long term in league matches, coaching may be more effective if it focuses on strengthening factors that the present investigation found were likely to be correlated with game success.

心拍変動は，心臓の拍動間隔のゆらぎと定義され，非侵襲的に自律神経機能を評価できることから注目を集めている．心拍変動に関する指標の中でも，副交感神経の活性度を表すLn RMSSD（Logarithm of Root Mean Square of Successive Differences of RR intervals）は，自律神経機能の回復状態や，トレーニングによる身体の適応状況のモニタリングに有用とされている．本総説では，近年におけるアスリートを対象とした心拍変動を用いたコンディションの評価方法のトレンドを概説する．そのうえで，主に起床時に測定されたLn RMSSDに着目し，運動やトレーニングが心拍変動に与える影響，トレーニング効果と心拍変動との関係，心拍変動に影響を与えるトレーニング以外の要因，心拍変動を用いたトレーニング戦略について議論する．そして，最後に今後の研究の必要性と方向性，スポーツ現場への示唆を述べる．

Conditioning athletes engaging in endurance or ball game sports by monitoring morning heart rate variability
“Heart rate variability” is defined as fluctuations in the time intervals between adjacent heartbeats. This measure has recently attracted attention because it can be used as a non-invasive method for evaluating autonomic nervous function. Among the indices relating to heart rate variability, Ln RMSSD (Natural Logarithm of the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences of RR intervals), which is a measure of the activity of the parasympathetic nerves, is considered to be useful for monitoring the recovery of autonomic nervous function and the adaptation of the body due to training. The present article reviews recent trends in methods of evaluating athletes’ conditioning by measuring heart rate variability, focusing on Ln RMSSD measured at the time when waking up, and discusses influences of exercise and training on heart rate variability, relationships between training effects and heart rate variability, factors other than training that may influence heart rate variability, and heart rate variability guided training. Finally, we demonstrate the necessity and direction of future research and suggestions for sports field.

本研究は，大学男子三段跳選手が事例研究で得られた知見を応用して競技力向上を達成した約6ヶ月間の取り組み内容について整理し，三段跳選手や指導者に対して新たな実践知を示すことを目的とした．研究対象とした選手は，ある三段跳選手の事例研究で得られた知見を応用し「積極的着地」を習得する計画を立てて実施した．その結果，ジャンプ踏切での「積極的着地」の習得を手がかりに，それまでの自己記録14m52（+2.0）から15m10（+1.7）まで記録を向上させた．約6ヶ月間の取り組みについての報告から，参考にした事例研究が記録を向上させた過程で役立っており，事例研究を応用した競技力向上の取り組みの有用性が示された．ただし，事例研究の知見はそのまま活用するだけでなく，事例研究をヒントに活用者の状況に応じて変容させ，部分的に活用することで有益になることが示された．

Improvement in the performance of a male university triple jumper who applied knowledge gained from studying another athlete’s performance
The aims of the present study were to examine the method used for 6 months of a male university triple jumper to improve his performance by applying knowledge collected through analysis of the jumps of another athlete, and to explain the practical knowledge that he obtained to other triple jumpers and to coaches. The male university triple jumper planned and executed the acquisition of an active landing by studying the performance of another triple jumper. As a result of what he had learned, he succeeded in acquiring an active landing, and improved his best record from 14.52 m to 15.10 m. His report after 6 months suggested that studying the other athlete’s active landing had helped him to improve his own performance. We believe that this way of improving performance would be useful to others. Gaining knowledge by studying others’ performance is a method applicable not only for triple jumpers, but one that could also be used in other athletic fields, depending on the situation.

本研究の目的は，柔道競技の固技におけるパフォーマンスを正確に分析できるコードを開発することと，活用可能性について検証することであった．まず，共同研究者らと協議し「修正版ワザコード」が作成された．「修正版ワザコード」を検証するために，筆頭研究者によるパフォーマンス分析と外的妥当性の検証を実施した．GSP2019男子を対象としたパフォーマンス分析では，「四つ這い/うつ伏せの相手に対し背後から絞技を施そうとする」と「四つ這い/うつ伏せの相手に対し前方から帯を持ち三角絞を施しながら側方に返そうとする」の2つの技術が多く用いられていることが示された．外的妥当性の検証では，大学生および大学院生に対して，「修正版ワザコード」を用いたパフォーマンス分析を行わせた．GSP2019の試合から典型的な固技の攻防シーンを抽出した20編の動画を作成して参加者に提示したところ，平均正答率は97.9％であった．「修正版ワザコード」を用いたパフォーマンス分析では，競技実績や指導歴に関係なく，より正確に固技の競技様相を分析・整理でき，柔道競技におけるコーチングに寄与する可能性が示された．

Development of codes for analyzing the performance of katame-waza in judo: validity evaluated using videos of matches from the Grand Slam Paris 2019
The present study aimed to develop codes for accurately analyzing katame-waza (grappling techniques) in judo competitions and to verify the applicability of those codes. First, a revision of the existing codes was produced by the present authors, jointly with research colleagues. Then, the first author did a performance analysis and a verification of the revised codes’ external validity. In the Grand Slam Paris 2019 (GSP 2019), two techniques often used by male judoka with opponents who were on all fours or in a prone position were to choke the opponent from behind or to turn the opponent on his side by holding his belt from the front, using a triangular grasp. To evaluate the revised codes’ external validity, university and graduate school students participated in a performance analysis using the codes. When the participants were shown 20 videos of typical uses of katame-waza from the Grand Slam Paris 2019, the validity of their ratings was 97.9%. This indicates that performance analyses that use the revised codes will result in correct analyses of katame-waza, whether or not the raters have had experience in competition or coaching. Thus, the revised codes could be useful for coaching in judo competitions.

本研究の目的は，種目非特化型のタレント発掘育成事業（TID）に選出された小学生4-6年生を対象に，TID参加者と一般小学生を同時期に同一方法で運動能力を3年間縦断的に測定し，それらの変化をTID参加者と一般小学生別，男女別で比較・検討することで，TID参加者の運動能力の特徴と体格・運動能力発達の男女差について明らかにすることとした．対象者は，兵庫県タレント発掘育成事業生（HJSA）4-6年生68名と（男子32名，女子36名），一般小学生4-6年生132名（男子62名，女子70名）とした．運動能力は，20m走，リバウンドジャンプ（RJ），ドロップジャンプ（DJ），垂直跳び，ステッピングを計測した．身体計測は身長，体重とした．HJSAと一般小学生の3年間の縦断的比較では，身長はHJSAの女子が全て有意に高く，男子は4年時のみHJSAが有意に高かった．一方，体重は男じゅう女とも両群間に有意差はなかった．運動能力は男女共全てHJSAが有意に高かった．HJSAの男女間では，女子の方が男子よりも身長は有意に高く，体重も女子の方が一部で有意に重い結果で女子の体格の優位性が明らかとなった．運動能力では，20m走とDJの一部を除いてHJSAでは男女差がみられないことが明らかとなった．

Comparison of the running speed, agility, and jumping performance of children participating in a Talent Identification and Development (TID) program with the performance of children not participating in the program
The present study investigated changes in the athletic ability and physical development of children who were in the 4th grade of elementary school at the start of the study. On the basis of measures of their athletic performance, 68 elementary school students (32 males and 36 females) were selected to participate in a Talent Identification and Development (TID) program conducted at the Hyogo Junior Sport Academy (HJSA). The study compared them to 132 elementary school students (62 males and 70 females) who were not selected because their scores on the athletic performance measures did not qualify them for the program. Changes in both groups of children were measured 3 times a year for 3 years in the 20-meter run, rebound jump (RJ), drop jump (DJ), vertical jump, and stepping. The physical measures included height and weight. Gender differences were also examined. Comparison of the 3 years of data from the students in the special program and the students who had no special training showed that the girls in the special program were significantly the tallest of all the participants, whereas the boys in the special group were significantly taller only when they were in the 4th-grade. No significant difference was found in weight between the two groups for either the boys or the girls. The boys and the girls in the special group scored significantly higher on the measures of athletic ability than did the children who did not participate in the special program, as they had at the time of selection for the program. Within the special group, the girls were significantly taller than the boys, and some of the girls weighed significantly more. These data suggest that girls of this age may be physically superior to boys. However, significant differences between the boys and the girls in the special group on the measures of athletic ability were found only for the 20-meter run and drop jumps.

本研究は，大学4年間で選手のスポーツ場面における自己調整学習能力が向上した大学野球チームを題材に，スポーツ場面における自己調整学習能力を向上させるための具体的な取組事例 (指導事例) について，PDCAサイクルに従って報告することを目的とした．計画:対象者はA大学野球部員9名であった．A大学野球部が実施する様々な活動の中で，特にスポーツ場面における自己調整学習能力が向上すると予想される主な活動をマイルストーン，各種測定テスト，監督との個人面談，野球教室の4つとした．実行:1年を通じて様々な活動を実行し，質問紙調査にてスポーツ場面における自己調整学習能力の変遷と自己調整学習能力向上に対する各活動の関与度を調査した．評価:スポーツ版自己調整学習尺度の得点が高学年になるに連れて有意に向上したことから，A大学野球部が行った活動はスポーツにおける自己調整学習能力の向上に効果的であることが示唆された．改善:各活動を更に効果的なものにするために，対象選手の各活動に対する評価を参考にして改善案を示した．実際に行った活動を詳細に記述することによって，大学野球選手のスポーツ場面における自己調整学習能力を向上させるための知見が指導現場で活かされる可能性が高くなると考えられる．

Four years’ coaching with a PDCA cycle aimed at improving university baseball players’ self-regulated learning ability
The present study reports results of four years of coaching with a Plan, Do, Check, Action (PDCA) cycle that was aimed at improving the self-regulated learning ability of university baseball players. Plan: The participants were 9 members of A university’s baseball team. From the various activities of the baseball team, four activities that might benefit from improved self-regulated ability were selected: milestones, measuring tests, personal meetings with the coach, and baseball classes. Do: Various activities were conducted throughout each of the four years, and changes in self-regulated learning ability and the possible contribution of each of the four activities were reported by the participants on a self-report form. Check: The scores on self-regulated learning ability improved significantly each year. That suggests that these activities may have had an effect on the improvements in self-regulated learning ability. Action: In order to make the activities even more effective, an improvement plan was developed, based on an evaluation of the various activities. Use of this plan may increase the possibility of utilizing knowledge from this program for coaching self-regulated learning ability in various sports.

本実践は，テニスのサービスのパフォーマンスを向上するための言葉かけによるコーチングを中心とした取り組みとその効果について検証したものである．対象者は地方大学テニス選手で，取り組み前後のサービス測定を行うことができ，かつ取り組み前後の試合データを収集できた男子6名であった．取り組みの期間はおよそ4ヶ月であった．主な取り組みの内容はサービスに関する考え方のレクチャーと，通常の練習の中でのレクチャーの内容に基づいたサービスに関するコーチングであった．レクチャーで伝えた主な内容は，�@ダブルフォールトを恐れないこと�Aサービスによって得点につながるよう，「威力」を増すこと�B1stサービスと2ndサービスでスイングスピードが変わらないようにすること，などであった．練習においてはサービスの技術的ポイントを意識する練習やスイングスピードを上げる練習，回転をかけるラケットワークに関する練習などを行い，コーチングとしてそれらを後押しする声かけを行なった．取り組みの結果，サービス測定における1stサービスのスピードの向上と，試合におけるサービスに関わるポイントの割合の増加という改善点が見られた．

A new coaching method aimed at improving players’ service performance in tennis
The present study examined a new coaching method in which verbal advice is given to tennis players from time to time in order to improve their serves. The participants were 6 male university tennis players for whom data on their serves and games were available, so that their performance before and after being coached with this method could be compared. Their coach used the method for 4 months. The major coaching items were lectures on general ideas about serving, plus daily practice of the points discussed in the lectures. The lectures covered (a) not being afraid of double faults, (b) increasing the power of their serves in order to get the service point, and (c) keeping their swing speed constant in the first and second serves. The participants were told that, in order to increase the value of their practice, they should try, when practicing, to be conscious of technical points involved in serving, to increase the speed of their swing, to use their racket to put spin on the ball, and to follow the coach’s verbal advice. After the coaching with verbal advice, improvements were observed during competitions in the speed of the ball on the first serve and in service points.

本研究は，切り返し能力と片脚側方跳躍能力との関係性を明らかにすることを目的とした．被検者は，大学女子バスケットボール選手13名であった．試技は，切り返し能力および側方への片脚跳躍能力を測定するものとした．切り返し能力の測定では，3 m区間の往復サイドステップを行わせ，減速局面および加速局面の平均力（Cutting index）を求めた．片脚側方跳躍能力の測定では，側方スクワットジャンプ（Side SQJ），側方カウンタームーブメントジャンプ（Side CMJ），側方ジャンプ（Side J）の3種類を行わせ，跳躍能力指標（Jump index）を求めた．本研究では，切り返し動作における局面ごとのCutting indexと3種類のJump indexとの相関係数を求めた．その結果，加速局面におけるCutting indexとSide J indexとの間に有意な相関関係がみられた．すなわち，3種類の片脚側方跳躍の中でも，全身の反動を用いて跳躍するSide Jが切り返し動作の加速に関与する力発揮との関係性が強いことが示された.

Relation between female basketball players’ performance when turning around 180 degrees and when jumping sideways on one leg
The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between basketball players’ performance when turning 180 degrees and when jumping to the side on one leg. The participants, 13 female university basketball players, were asked to perform with the maximum possible power. The measurements of the participants’ turning ability were made while they repeatedly jumped to the side, turning to the back and front, within 3 meters; the average force (cutting index) of the deceleration and acceleration phases was calculated. The measurements of their performance when jumping to the side on one leg were made while the participants did three types of jumps: side squat jump (side SQJ), side counter-movement jump (side CMJ) and side jump (side J). A jump ability index (Jump index) was calculated, and the correlation between the cutting index and the jump indices for the three types of types was calculated for deceleration and acceleration phases of the turning motion. A significant correlation was found between the cutting index in the acceleration phase and the side jump index. This suggests that among the three types of jumps compared, the side jumps, which use a reaction of the whole body, may have a strong relationship to the acceleration of power when turning.