本研究では，男子体操競技における鉄棒の〈前方車輪1回ひねり片手大逆手後ろ振り上がり1回ひねり逆手倒立(ツォ・リミン)〉について練習・指導の事例を示し，筆者が考案した練習方法の有効性を明らかにすることを目的とした．対象者は大学生体操選手1名であり，〈ツォ・リミン〉を実施した経験はなかった．筆者が考案した練習方法を実施させた結果，対象者は〈ツォ・リミン〉を習得することができた．そして，このことから本研究で考案した練習方法が〈ツォ・リミン〉の習得において，有効であることが示唆された．

Coaching a gymnast in the Zou Li Min (on one arm, giant swing forward with 1/1 turn to el-grip and 1/1 turn) on the horizontal bard
The present report describes exercises and coaching techniques for the Zou Li Min performed on the horizontal bar in order to demonstrate effects of an exercise method devised by the first author. The participant was a university student gymnast who had not previously done a Zou Li Min. After practicing the new exercise method, the participant was able to perform a Zou Li Min. This suggests that practicing this exercise method might enable gymnasts to do the Zou Li Min.

本研究の目的は，体操競技におけるゆか運動で扱われる〈接触転向ひねり〉と呼ばれる技のコツを抽出する作業及びそれを基に練習段階の手引きを紹介することである．本研究では金子の発生論的運動学における「消去法」を用いた．検証においては審判員による評価及び自己評価から〈接触転向ひねり〉に必要なコツを明らかにした．その結果以下のコツが〈接触転向ひねり〉を実施するために必要なコツであることが推察された．
・上半身と下半身のねじれを生み出すための旋回中の開脚固定技術
加えて本論では〈接触転向ひねり〉を習得するための6つの練習段階を提案した．

Identifying knacks used for the breakdance in men’s floor exercises and a proposed training method
The purposes of the present study were to introduce a method of extracting the knacks used in variations of breakdancing, which is a men’s floor exercise in gymnastics, and, based on those knacks, to provide suggestions for training in this exercise. The analysis, based on Kaneko’s phenomenological movement theory, was an elimination method in which the structure of a knack is examined by determining whether a movement can be performed when a knack is intentionally not used. The knacks identified were verified through the author’s self assessment, with the assistance of another observer. The results suggested that maintaining a leg split while rotating was necessary when doing breakdance variations in order to generate an upper and lower body twist. In addition, 6 steps for learning breakdance variations are proposed.

トランポリン競技における〈ハーフインハーフアウト〉（抱え型）は後方に2回宙返りする間に1回ひねりを加える複雑な技であるが, 技が狂った際の技術情報が少なく, 学術的な研究もほとんど見当たらない. 本研究は, 筆者の動感を基に発生運動学的な立場から〈ハーフインハーフアウト〉の取り除いてはいけないコツを明らかにし, 指導現場に還元することを目的とした. 分析方法として, 発生運動学における「消去法」を用いた. 「消去法」はある1つのコツを意図的に消去したとき, その運動が遂行できるかどうかを検証することでコツの構造を明らかにしていくものである. 本研究では, 〈ハーフインハーフアウト〉の1回転目の1/2ひねり局面における筆者の4つのコツをそれぞれ意図的に消去して分析を行った. その結果, 《踏み切りと同時に引き上げた右脇の下を左肩上部方向へひねりこませる》, 《踏み切りと同時に左の肩甲骨を内転させるようにして左肩を後方斜め右方向へ引っ張る》という２つの取り除いてはならないコツが明らかになった. また明らかになったコツを基にして練習方法についても提案した.

Phenomenological kinematics study of knacks for the half-in half-out (tuck position) in trampoline
The half-in half-out (tuck position) in trampoline is a complicated movement that includes a half twist when going into a double somersault and another half twist before landing. However, very little technical information is available for players who have problems with this technique, and also very little research has been done on how to coach athletes in this movement. The purpose of the present study, done from the viewpoint of phenomenological theory of movement in sports, was to examine knacks in the half-in half-out that are crucial and hence should not be removed when coaching this movement. The analytical method was an elimination method in which the structure of a knack is examined by determining whether a movement can be performed when a knack is intentionally erased. Each of four knacks used by the first author in the half-twist phase of the first rotation of the half-in half-out was removed. Analysis of the results revealed the following:- At the time of taking off from the trampoline, the athlete pulls his/her right armpit toward the upper part of the left shoulder. - At the time of taking off from the trampoline, the athlete pulls his/her left shoulder diagonally backward and to the right by inverting the left shoulder blade. The discussion suggests training methods based on this clarified understanding of these knacks.

最大筋力は発揮するまでに300 ms以上を要すると言われている．スポーツにおける一つ一つの動作は極めて短い時間の中で行われるため，パフォーマンスには300 ms以内の力発揮が重要と考えられる．そのため，スポーツのパフォーマンスを高めるには最大筋力の向上も重要だが，RFDを向上させる方が重要であると考えられる． RFDを高めるにはトレーニング動作の遂行速度が影響すると考えられているため，本研究では，動作を意識的に最大速度で行う自重負荷スクワットが，RFDに及ぼす影響を検討した．大学陸上競技同好会に所属する陸上競技選手6名を対象とし意識的に動作を最大速度で行う自重負荷スクワットを10回×3セット， 週3回の頻度で6週間行った．測定項目は，等尺性脚伸展最大筋力，立ち幅跳び，RFD（0-100 ms，100-200 msのRFD，それぞれRFD₁₀₀，RFD₂₀₀）の測定をトレーニング介入前後で行った．結果は，RFD₁₀₀とRFD₂₀₀のみに有意差が認められ， RFD₁₀₀が9.5±3.4 kN/sから11.9±4.6 kN/s，RFD₂₀₀が8.9±2.1 kN/sから10.5±2.4 kN/sにそれぞれ向上した．以上から，本研究のスクワットはRFDの向上をもたらすことが示唆された．

Effects of rapid bodyweight squat training on the rate of force development(RFD)
It has been reported that it takes more than 300 ms to exert maximum muscle strength. Since most movements in sports are performed in an extremely short time, it is important for athletes to exert power within 300 ms. Therefore, maximum muscle strength should be increased in order to improve sports performance. However, increasing the rate of force development (RFD) may be more important. It has been reported that the speed of training movements has a large effect on the rate of force development. The present study examined effects of bodyweight squats on the rate of force development. The participants, 6 track-and-field athletes who were members of a university track-and-field club, were instructed to do bodyweight squats as fast as possible 10 times × 3 sets, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Their maximum isometric leg extension muscle strength, standing long jump, and rate of force development (0-100 ms: RFD₁₀₀, 100-200 ms: RFD₂₀₀, respectively) were measured before and after the 6-week bodyweight squat training. Statistically significant differences were found in RFD₁₀₀ and RFD₂₀₀ following the squat training. RFD₁₀₀ improved from 9.5 ± 3.4 kN/s to 11.9± 4.6 kN/s, and RFD₂₀₀ improved from 8.9±2.1 kN/s to 10.5±2.4 kN/s. These results suggest that the bodyweight squats done at maximum speed may have improved RFD₁₀₀ and RFD₂₀₀.

競泳競技では，リレー引き継ぎスタートとして，新しいスタート（オーバーステップスタート）が用いられている．本研究の目的は，オーバーステップスタートの台上動作に着目し，従来のスタートとのキネマティクス的特徴を比較・検討することとした．対象者は男子大学競泳選手8名とし，3種類（オーバーステップスタート，シングルステップスタート，ノーステップスタート）の引き継ぎスタートをランダムに行わせた．その結果，オーバーステップスタートは，シングルステップスタートよりも有意に高い跳び出し速度と水平速度を示した．跳び出し角度および飛距離についてはいずれのスタートにおいても有意な差はみられなかった．一方で，跳び出し時における身体重心速度の回転要素では，オーバーステップスタートが従来の2つのスタートよりも有意に高値を示した．これらの結果より，オーバーステップスタートは従来の引き継ぎスタートと比較して高い跳び出し速度および水平速度を獲得できる可能性がある一方で，下方に跳び出してしまう可能性もあるスタート方法であることが示唆された．

Study on the passing method in relay event of swimming: focusing on the motion on starting block of over-step start
The Over-step start is employed as a relay start in swimming competitions. The　purpose of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of the　over-step start compared to those of the conventional start, focusing on the　movement on the starting block. The participants were eight male university　swimmers who randomly tried three types of passing starts: over-step start, singlestep　start, and no-step start. As a result, the over-step start showed significantly　higher take-off velocity and horizontal take-off velocity than the single-step start. No　significant differences were observed in the take-off angle and flight distance. However, the rotational component of the center of mass at the take-off velocity showed significantly higher values for the over-step start than those of the conventional two types of relay starts. These results suggest that the over-step start provides higher take-off velocity and horizontal take-off velocity compared to the conventional relay start, but may include a risk of having to jump downward.

本研究の目的は，ウエイトリフティング選手によって実行された連日のトレーニングのモニタリングデータを分析し，外的負荷と内的負荷の関連性を調べることであった．対象者は女子ウエイトリフティング選手1名，10週間にわたる55回のトレーニングセッションを分析した．毎日のトレーニングセッションについて，総負荷量（ｔotal volume load（TVL）：％1RM×反復回数×セット数の全エクササイズの総和），心拍変動指標（LnrMSSD）の練習前後の変化量，セッションの主観的運動強度（sRPE）を取得した．TVLとLnrMSSDの変化量との，またTVLとsRPEの間の相関関係を求めた．TVLとLnrMSSDの変化量との間で（r = 0.558 ：p<0.01），またTVLとsRPEとの間でr = 0.700：p<0.01）で，それぞれ有意な相関関係が認められた．これらの結果から実際のウエイトリフティングの日々のトレーニングにおいて内的負荷は外的負荷に相関していることが示唆された．

Monitoring and quantifying the training load in weightlifting
The present study investigated relations between external load and internal load by monitoring and quantifying training data of a weightlifter. The participant was a female weightlifter, 20 years old, who did 55 training sessions in a 10-week period. The total volume load（TVL: %1RM×sets×repetition）of all exercises, change in the heart rate variability（HRV）index (log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R Intervals: LnrMSSD）from before to after training, and her rating of perceived exertion（sRPE）after each session of training were obtained. The total volume load for each session was correlated with the change in the heart rate variability index and the participant’s rating of perceived exertion in the session. The heart rate variability index was significantly reduced when the total volume load was high, whereas it was not found to be significantly reduced when the total volume load was low. Significant correlations were found between the total volume load and both changes in the heart rate variability index (r=0.558, p<0.01) and rating of perceived exertion per session (r=0.700, p<0.01).

本研究は，12名の男性を対象にハム型および四頭筋型フライングスプリット（以下FSとする）時の力学変量を定量化し，単一対象者・複数試行測定と複数対象者・複数試行測定の比較を行った．この比較から，単一対象者・複数試行によるトレーニングエクササイズにおける動作様式条件の違いに関する研究がスポーツ実践現場に対するコーチング資料として有益であるか検証することを目的とした．そのために，前脚の膝関節が足関節の後方に位置するハム型FSと前方に位置する四頭筋型FSに動作様式条件を分類し，逆動力学法を使って力学変量を比較した．その結果，12名全体の平均値ではハム型FSと四頭筋型FSを教示通りに遂行できたが，2名は前提条件の適切な実施かつ負荷条件を両動作様式条件間で同程度に実施できなかったと判明した．これらの結果は，トレーニングエクササイズを集団指導した場合，動作様式が適切でない一部の実践者は平均値に埋没し，見過ごされてしまうことを意味する．本研究は，動作様式の違いについて各個人が複数試行したデータを検証することで，運動実践者が陥りやすい課題や教示内容の誤認を個人レベルで見出し，早期に改善可能であることを示している．

A simplified method for evaluating the influence of movement pattern on dynamic variables in training exercises: comparing individual participants and multiple participants with single and multiple trials.
The present study quantified dynamic variables while 12 male participants were doing hamstring muscle and quadriceps muscle scissor jumps, and compared the results from a single participant doing multiple trials and several participants doing a single trial. The aim was to examine whether studying the movement pattern of one person doing multiple trials in training exercises would be useful as coaching material. Movement patterns were classified into two types: hamstring scissor jumps, in which the knee joint of the front leg is abducted, and quadriceps scissor jumps, in which the knee joint is flexed. The two patterns were compared using inverse dynamics. The average score from the 12 participants indicated that both the hamstring scissor jumps and the quadriceps scissor jumps had been performed as taught. However, two of the participants did not do the preconditions properly nor execute the load condition equally in either type of movement pattern. These results suggest that when training exercises are taught to groups, trainees who do not execute the movement patterns properly may be overlooked. The present study suggests that by evaluating multiple types of data, it may be possible to identify problems and instructions that individual trainees have misunderstood so that the problem can be corrected quickly.

先行研究では，ボランティアとその現場ニーズとのマッチングを対象とした研究がいくつか存在した．だが，視覚障がい者ランナー（以下，Bランナー）と伴走者のマッチングを対象として，マッチング課題を明らかにした質的研究はほとんどみられなかった．そこで本研究は，ランナーを対象として伴走者のマッチング課題を明らかにすることを目的とした．A伴走クラブに所属するランナー（n=6）に半構造化インタビューによる調査を行なった．M-GTAを用いて逐語化したデータを分析した．その結果，以下の４点が明らかになった．�@伴走が定着化及び継続化されていない新人伴走者に，Bランナーが伴走者の必要性を伝える機会を作っていくこと．�ABランナーが継続的にランニングできるように日々伴走者の人脈を広げていくこと．�B両者の走る目的や目標が少々異なっても，Bランナーが新人伴走者との人脈を広げようとする意識と行動が，互いに一緒に走る機会を増やせるようになること．�C定期練習会で取り入れられている「シャッフル」というマッチング方法に，これらの課題を解決する可能性が見出された．

Problems matching visually impaired runners with guide runners and a proposed process for solving them
Some studies have been published on problems that arise when attempting to match volunteer guides to visually impaired runners in relation to their on-site needs, but the present authors could find almost no published qualitative studies on problems involved when matching guides and visually impaired runners. The present study aimed to identify the task of matching running companions from runners’ point of view. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 visually impaired runners who were members of a guide runner club. A word-by-word analysis of the transcribed interviews using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach (M-GTA) resulted in the following 4 points: (1) Visually impaired runners should explain the importance of their having an escort to new guide runners whose escorting has not stabilized or has not been continuous. (2) Visually impaired runners should expand their personal connections so that they will have guides available and thus can continue running. (3) Even though the objectives and goals are not the same for the two groups of runners, visually impaired runners’ enthusiasm and action to expand their personal connections is likely to increase the chances of their running together with an escort. (4) A shuffle matching method which has been employed in regular practice meets may provide a possible answer for dealing with these problems.

新型コロナウィルス感染症の拡大に伴い筆者の本務校（以下「本学」）は2020年度の春学期には全授業をWebにて実施することとした。本研究では，本学における2020年度の専門実技の開講形式の工夫について紹介するとともに，得られた経験知の今後の活用可能性について検討した. 本学では，専門実技の開講に際して，実技を伴う対面授業の実施可能性を模索するために，春学期開講の科目Aと秋学期開講の科目Bを臨時的にだき合わせ開講とした. そして，春学期には科目Aの履修者にはWeb授業によるガイダンス1コマ，科目Aの7コマのWeb授業，そして秋学期開講の科目Bの7コマのWeb授業を受講させた上で単位認定を保留することとした. また，秋学期には，当該受講者には科目Bを履修させて，A，B両科目の残りの授業を受講させ，学年末に両科目の単位認定を行うこととした. この方策は，2020年度全体での実技を伴う対面授業の実施の模索，実技を伴う対面授業が可能になるまでの「その場しのぎ」，そして専門実技としての指導内容をWeb授業で担保する準備のための「時間稼ぎ」を可能にするとともに，今回の臨時的対応を通じて得られた経験知は今後も多様な状況で活用できることが示唆された.

A temporary way of offering practical sports courses in a physical education teacher training curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic when in-person education is not possible
Starting with the spring semester of 2020, the university where the authors are employed decided to provide all subjects as remote lessons (on-demand or online lessons) because of restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper describes how the authors tried to maximize the outcomes of practical sports courses during these difficult conditions when in-person education was not possible. At the university, all kinds of practical sports courses are offered in both the spring and fall semesters. Students who want to take up these subjects are divided into two groups and told to take classes in the spring or fall semesters to even out the number of students in each of the courses. The authors decided that subject A, planned to be offered in the spring semester, and subject B, planned to be offered in the fall semester, should be temporarily paired in 2020. During the spring semester, which consists of 15 lesson weeks, the students who took subject A received one guidance lesson, seven remote lessons on subject A, and seven remote lessons on subject B. Seven lessons of subject A were put off until the fall semester, and seven lessons of subject B were moved forward. The credit for both subjects is planned to be granted at the end of the fall semester. This temporary way of offering courses enabled the authors to put off the problem-solving. The authors were able to provide makeshift courses with seven remote lessons during the spring semester, keep seven lessons for in-person education until the fall semester in case such education became possible, and set aside enough time to prepare effective remote lessons in case in-person education was still impossible in the fall semester.

本研究は日本トップテニス選手2名を対象とし，練習マッチにおけるグラウンドストロークの打球データを測定し，狙うコースや打球するポジションの違いにより打球スピード，回転数，ネット上の通過位置やインパクト位置にどのような特徴があるのかを検討した．練習マッチに勝利した選手Aにおいて，フォアハンド・右サイド，フォアハンド・左サイドの打球スピードはそれぞれ128.1±10.7km/h，130.2±14.4km/hと選手Bよりも約25km/h高い値を示した．ネット上の通過位置とインパクト位置についてみていくと，選手Aは軌道の低い打球で相手を左右に動かす攻撃的なプレーを展開しており，クロスコートとダウン・ザ・ラインに打ち分ける際にもコースの違いに関わらず高いスピードを維持しながら打球できていた．こうした打球データの分析は，オープンコートをつくるためのボールコントロール能力や，試合においてもその能力を発揮できているか，という観点からゲームを評価するものであり，コーチや選手の質的な分析を補助するようなデータを提供できるものと考えられる．

Analysis of data from ground strokes hit by two of Japan’s top tennis players: characteristics of the players’ hits in a practice match
The present study used TrackMan tennis radar to examine features of ball speed, spin rate, net clearance, the ball’s course toward the target, and landing location of balls hit by two male top tennis players in Japan, by collecting data from the ground strokes that they hit in a practice match. The speed of balls hit forehand from the right and left side of player A who won the game was 128.1±10.7 km/h and 130.2±14.4 km/h respectively; this was 25 km/h faster than the balls hit by player B. Examination of the data on net clearance and landing location indicated that player A’s offensive plays with balls having a low trajectory forced the opponent to move from one side of the court to the other. He maintained a high ball speed even when hitting balls cross court and down the line. These analyses may be useful for evaluating players’ skill in controlling the ball and whether the same skill can be demonstrated in actual games, not just in practice. This type of analysis may provide coaches and players with data in support of qualitative analyses.