本研究では，剣道における足構え（全日本剣道連盟，2009）の重要性について検討するため，左足踵に着目して離床時と着床時の2種の条件において，下肢動作の反応時間を定量化した．攻撃への反応動作として光刺激を察知してからの前方への正面打突，防御への反応動作として後方及び左右への移動動作において，同一の被検者における左足踵の離床時と着床時の反応時間を明らかにして比較した．その結果，いずれの対象動作においても左足踵の離床時は，反応時間が短かった．以上のことから，左足踵の離床時は，相手の動作に対して素早い対応が可能となることが示唆され，剣道選手は常に左足踵の離床を維持することが重要であると考えられた．

Stance in kendo: reaction time of lower leg movement while the left heel is on or off the floor
In order to examine the importance of stance in kendo, the present study quantified the reaction time of the participant’s movement of the lower leg while his left heel was on or off the floor. The reaction time of a kendoka while his left heel was on or off the floor was compared for attack, in a frontal strike as a reaction after sensing a light stimulus, and for defense, in a movement toward the back, left, or right as a reaction. The results showed that, for any motion, reaction time was shorter when the left heel was off the floor. This suggests that when a kendoka’s left heel is off the floor, a quick reaction to movements by the opponent becomes easier. Thus, kendoka must always be prepared to move their left heel off the floor.

本研究は，疲労骨折(完全骨折)を発症した長距離走者に対し，医療機関，スポーツジム，学校を連携させたプログラムを実施したことで，選手が早期競技復帰に成功した事例について報告する．対象者は，平成30年2月10日の駅伝レース中に脛骨の疾走型疲労骨折(完全骨折)を発症し，観血的骨接合術により金属プレートで骨折箇所を固定した女子長距離走者1名である．対象者は術後6週4日の免荷期間を経て4月3日に歩行が許可され，以後大会までの期間，医師による定期的な診断結果に基づきながら，学校とスポーツジムを連携させたトレーニングに取り組んだ．そのプログラムの中心は，ジムでの自転車エルゴメータと筋力トレーニングを用いた高強度トレーニングであり，次の段階である学校でのペース走やレペティション走などの高強度ランニング練習へと連動させた．その結果，歩行開始から8週，通常の練習開始から2週で6月4日の大会に出場し，骨折前より数秒遅い記録までパフォーマンスが回復していた．以上のことから，医療機関，スポーツジム，学校でのトレーニングを効果的に連動させることで，怪我をした選手の競技復帰を早めることが可能であることが示唆された．

Early return to competition following a long-distance runner’s stress fracture: collaboration of the hospital’s doctor, a sports gym trainer, and the coach at the runner’s school
The present article reports the case of a female high-school long-distance runner who had a running-induced stress fracture and yet was able to return early to competition after a collaborative program that involved her doctor, her sports gym trainer, and the coach at her school. The runner had a complete stress fracture of the left tibia when she was participating in an ekiden on February 10, 2018. The fracture was surgically fixed with a metal plate. On the first day that she was permitted to walk (April 3), she started a program that consisted of high-intensity strength training in a sports gym using a bicycle ergometer and muscle training, and she also did other low-intensity training at her school. Both types of strength training were carried out in parallel. After that, she transitioned smoothly to pace running, repetition running, and other forms of training for high-intensity running. Two months after she had resumed walking, and 2 weeks after she had resumed normal training, she participated in a competition in which her performance was approximately the same as before her injury. This outcome suggests that collaboration of staff at medical institutions, gyms, and schools may enable injured athletes to make an early return to competition.

本研究では，ダンス・ワークショップにおけるファシリテーターの意図に基づいて用いられる空間配置の特徴を確かめ，これを体験した児童の自己価値の評価の前後変化との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．VTR分析から，空間配置は，「個人」「ペア」「グループ」「全員」に分けられる「集団-個人」軸と，「対面」「背面」「列」「円形」「分散」に分けられる「能動的-受動的」軸で区別された．ファシリテーターの意図と空間配置の関係を考察すると，新しいものを生み出すために個々のアイディアを融合させるには「個人」から「グループ」へと変化させることや，参加者が安心して動くことや主体性の促進が目的の場合は「円形」を用いることなどが示された．児童への質問紙調査の結果，ダンス・ワークショップ体験前後で有意に自己価値の評価が高くなった．しかし，4グループ間では自己価値の評価に統計的差はなかった．そのため，空間配置のカテゴリーごとの割合と自己価値の得点変化の関係は確かめられなかったが，「対面」の空間配置の時間が少なく「円形」の空間配置の時間が多いことと，自己価値の高い評価および恥ずかしさの払拭に，関係がある可能性が示唆された．

Influences of dance workshops for children on their evaluations of self-worth: arrangement of the space based on the facilitator’s intention
The present study examined features of the arrangement of space in dance workshops, based on the facilitator’s intentions, in relation to changes in the participating children’s evaluations of their self-worth. Using video analysis, the arrangement of space was classified into a group-individual dimension, which consisted of individual, pair, and group, and a positive-passive dimension, which consisted of face-to-face, back-to-back, rows, circles, and scattered. The relation between the facilitator’s intentions and the arrangement of the space showed that the children changed from individual to group in order to combine individuals’ ideas and create something novel, whereas they used circles for moving at ease or promoting individuals’ identity. The results of a questionnaire completed by the children showed a significant improvement in their evaluation of their self-worth. No statistically significant difference was found in their evaluation of self-worth across the 4 groups. For that reason, although a significant relation between the ratio of the arrangement of space and changes in the children’s reports of self-worth was not observed, a possible relationship was suggested between the use of a small amount of time for face-to-face arrangement of the space and a long time for circle arrangements. This suggests that there may be a relationship between high evaluation of self-worth and discarding feelings of shame.

本研究は大学女子バレーボールチームを対象に西日本バレーボール大学女子選手権大会における優勝チーム，鹿屋体育大学（以下KT大）を例に勝敗とサーブミスの関係を明らかにすることである．近年サーブにおいて強いサーブによって，得点を取る，または相手を崩すことが重要であると報告されている．しかし，強いサーブとサーブミスはトレードオフの関係にあり，さらに，ミスによる失点が相手チームより多ければ勝つことが出来ないとされていた．KT大は相手チームよりサーブ失点が多かったが（4.42 ± 1.98，p<0.01），サーブ得点（1.32 ± 1.38，p<0.05），サーブ効果率（-14.1 ± 22.9，p<0.01）が相手よりも有意に高かった．また，レセプション返球率（51.2 ± 15.5，p<0.01）及びレセプションアタック率（78.2 ± 12.7，p<0.01）も有意に高かった．このことから，サーブミスによる失点をアタック及びサーブ得点またはサイドアウト得点でカバーしていることとなり，アタック，サーブ等による攻撃力が優れていることが試合に勝つために必要となる．つまり，サーブミスが負けに大きく関わるのではなく，サーブで相手を崩す，もしくは得点すること，相手よりもレセプションアタック率をあげることが重要となることが明らかになった．

Influences of service faults and reception attacks on match outcomes in volleyball: university women’s volleyball team’s games
The present study examined influences of service faults on the results of volleyball games played by the women’s volleyball team at the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya (hereafter called KT University). This team won the West Japan Women’s Volleyball Championship. Recently, it has been said that it is important to score or break the opposing team with a strong service. However, there is a trade-off between having a strong service and making service faults, and making more service faults than the opposing team will lead to loss of the game. In the games examined for the present study, the KT University team made more service faults than the opposing team (4.42±1.98, p<0.01), but its service advantages (1.32±1.38 p<0.01) and service effectiveness rate (-14.1±22.9, p<0.01) were significantly higher. Furthermore, the service return rate (51.2±15.5, p<0.01) and the reception attack rate (78.2±12.7, p<0.01) were also significantly higher. These data indicate that points lost because of service faults were compensated for by points obtained as a result of attacking, service, and side outs. This suggests that it may be most important for winning to have strong attacking power. In other words, service faults are not a main factor in defeats, but, rather, breaking the opponents with the service, getting service points, and increasing reception attacks may be more important for winning.

大学生の男子体操競技部の選手12名（上位群，中位群，下位群，高校始め群が3名ずつ）を対象に，�@12種目の基礎体力の測定を行うとともに，�Aゆか運動の演技で求められる26項目の技能について，そのできばえに対する指導者や周りの選手の印象を数値で評価した．そして�@や�Aの評価値が競技力とどのような関係を示すかを検討した．その結果，各群における基礎体力や技能に関して，要素別に見た優劣の特徴が明らかとなった．また�@と�Aとの関係の検討から，各種の技能に対してどのような基礎体力が関わっているかについて示唆が得られた．そしてこれらのデータに基づいて，各選手が自身の演技における長短所を，技能と基礎体力とを関連づけて確認できるフィードバックシートを作成した．体操競技ではこれまで，選手の基礎体力が測定されることは少なかった．また，演技の評価に関しては，定性的な印象により行われることが多かった．これに対して本手法は，ゆか運動に必要な各種の技能を数値により可視化し，それを基礎体力とも関連づけて検討するものであり，従来にはない新たな視点で競技力向上の示唆を得ることも可能であると考えられた．

A new evaluation method for identifying problems in technique and physical fitness in university gymnasts' floor exercises
In the present study, the coaches and teammates of gymnasts gave numerical ratings to the gymnasts’ physical fitness (12 items) and floor exercise techniques (26 items), based on their impressions of the gymnasts. The gymnasts who were rated included 3 university students at each of the following levels: upper, intermediate, and lower, as well as 3 tenth graders (high school entrance level). The relationship between those ratings and the gymnasts’ competitive skills was examined. The results indicated the features of physical fitness and technique in each group on the items rated. Also, the association between the ratings of physical fitness and floor exercise techniques suggested which type of physical fitness was required for which technique. Based on these data, a feedback sheet was then developed that enables competitors to confirm the strengths and weaknesses in their performance in relation to their techniques and physical fitness. In gymnastics, the physical fitness of athletes is seldom measured. Also, ratings of performance have been done mostly by qualitative impressions. In contrast, the present method provides a numerical measure of the quality of the techniques required for floor exercises and relates that to physical fitness. Improvement of performing power may be a result of this new method.

自転車競技の熟練者１名を対象に，２種類の運動意識（AとB）でペダリングを行った際の，動作，回転踏力，生理的応答，および機械的効率の違いについて比較検討した．運動意識Aはペダル荷重をしながら股関節主動でこぐもの，Bはサドル荷重をしながら膝関節主動でこぐもので，後者は自転車競技の未熟練者に多くみられるこぎ方である．AとBとで多段階のペダリング運動を行った結果，Aの方がオールアウト時間が36秒(４％)長かった．AはBと比べて，負荷の増加に伴い骨盤を前傾させており，足部や大腿部の動作範囲は小さく，効率に優れる動作と考えられた．また，ロード競技の代表的な速度とされる35km/hに相当する運動強度（250W）での回転踏力を分析したところ，AはBよりも変動が小さく，クランクに対してより有効に踏力を与えていると考えられた．酸素摂取量はAの方が各負荷において約８％（１MET相当）低く，機械的効率はAが24.5％，Bが22.7％で，Aの方が1.9％高値を示した．以上のことから，運動意識Aはバイオメカニクス的にも生理的にも効率に優れ，特にロード競技においてはこの意識を活用することで高いパフォーマンスを発揮できると考えられた．

Influence of the bicyclist's movement awareness when pedaling on motion, pedaling power, physical response, and mechanical efficiency: Examination with one bicyclist
The present study examined differences in motion, pedaling power, physical response, and mechanical efficiency when pedaling when the bicyclist used one of two kinds of movement awareness. The participant was an expert bicycling racer. In movement awareness A, he put the pedaling load on his hip joint, whereas in movement awareness B, he kept his knee joint active while putting the load on the saddle. The latter movement is the typical pedaling method of bicycling beginners. After the participant performed various stages of pedaling motion, movement awareness A was found to have a 36-second longer all-out time (4%). In movement awareness A, compared to movement awareness B, his pelvis was bent farther forward, the range of movement of his legs and femoral region was smaller, and his motion efficiency was considered to be higher. An analysis of pedaling power at the motion intensity of 250 W, corresponding to 35 km/hr, showed that the variability of movement awareness A was smaller than that of movement awareness B, which indicated that power was transferred more effectively to the crank. The participant’s oxygen intake in movement awareness A was 8% (equivalent to 1MET) lower at each load. His mechanical efficiency was 24.5% in movement awareness A, and 22.7% in movement awareness B, i.e., his mechanical efficiency was 1.9% higher in movement awareness A. These results suggest that movement awareness A may be superior to movement awareness B biomechanically and physically, and might produce higher performance in road racing.

本研究は, 通常のボールとは大きさの異なるボール (質量は同じ) を投球することによる短期的な適応が, その後の標準球での投球に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした. 被検者は, 高校生の野球投手9名 (年齢：16.3±0.7 歳, 身長: 174.3±4.7 cm, 体重: 66.2±4.7 kg, 野球歴：6.8±1.9 yr, 投手歴: 4.1±2.2 yr) を対象とした. 適応期間では, 通常用いるボール (標準球), 標準球よりも10%小さいボール (-10%球), 標準球よりも10%大きいボール (+10%球) を使用し, 各15球投球させた. なお, 実験は, 各条件の効果が互いに影響しないよう, 3日に分けて実施した. 適応効果の評価は, 適応前後におけるボール速度およびコントロール誤差 (捕手が構えた位置からキャッチした位置までの距離) とした. その結果, 平均データからは, 統計上, ボールの大きさの違いによる適応効果の差異は認められなかったが, -10%球と+10%球のコントロール誤差の変化率は, 有意な負の相関係数 (r=-0.732, p<0.05) が示され, 適応効果が得られるボールの大きさには個人差がある傾向が示された. 今後は, 異なる大きさのボールを使用したトレーニングプログラムを検討することで, 投球パフォーマンス向上のためのトレーニング方法の提案につながることが示唆された.

Effects of short term adaptation training with baseballs of different sizes on ball speed and pitching accuracy
The present study examined effects on pitching performance of short term adaptation training with baseballs of different sizes but with the same mass as standard balls. The participants were 9 high school baseball pitchers (age: 16.3±0.7, height: 174.3±4.7 cm, weight: 66.2±4.7 kg, baseball experience: 6.8±1.9 years, pitching experience: 4.1±2.2 years). In the adaptation training, they used balls of three sizes: standard-size balls, balls 10% smaller than the standard, and balls 10% larger. They threw each size of ball 15 times. The adaptation training was conducted on three days in order to eliminate the influence of adaptation training with one size of ball on adaptation training with the other sizes. Data on ball speed and errors in control (i.e., the distance between the set catching position and the actual catching position) were used to evaluate effects of the adaptation training. The averages did not show a statistically significant effect due to ball size, but the variability of the errors in control between the smaller balls and the larger ones was significantly negatively correlated (r=-.732, p<.05), which indicates that there were individual differences in the effects of ball size. These results suggest that adaptation training using balls of different sizes may be a method for improving pitching performance.

バレーボールゲームにおいてスパイクは，総得点の内49%-57%を占めており，ゲームの勝敗を左右する重要な技術である．またスパイクを広い範囲に強く打つためには，高い打点が求められる．高い打点でボールヒットするためには，高い跳躍が必要であり，大学女子バレーボール選手の跳躍高と膝関節筋力についての研究が行われ，両者に有意な関係を示唆する結果が得られている．関節の可動域を大きく活用して跳躍をする方法はビーチ選手特有の技術であり，水平方向に助走速度をとるために，跳躍の際に無意識に前方向に流れてしまう傾向があるインドア選手に対して，ビーチ選手は，膝関節，股関節の可動域を大きく活用し鉛直方向に力積を加えているために，前方向に流れずに跳躍することができる．そこで本研究では，ビーチバレー選手特有の膝関節，股関節の可動域を大きく活用して鉛直方向に跳躍し，前方向に流れずに自身の最高到達点でボールヒットする技術を習得するための練習方法を提案することを目的とした．新たな視点からのアイディアを技術や練習方法に発展させ，コーチングに活かしていく事例や試みは，バレーボール競技をより良いものにしていくために意義があることだろう．

A method for training indoor volleyball players: employing　the taking-off motion for spiking used by beach volleyball players
In volleyball games, 49%-57% of points are scored by spiking. Spiking, therefore, is an important technique that can mean the difference between winning and losing. Furthermore, strong and wide-ranging strikes require players to hit the ball at a high point, which necessitates jumping high. Research has been conducted with university-level female volleyball players to examine the relationship between jumping height and the muscular strength of the players’ knee joints; the results have suggested a significant relationship between these two factors. Beach volleyball players employ a unique technique whereby they jump using the full range of motion of their knee joints, whereas indoor volleyball players tend to move forward inadvertently when jumping in order to maintain their horizontal run-up speed. Beach volleyball players can jump without moving forward because they add vertical impulse by taking advantage of the full range of motion of their knee and hip joints. The present research examined the results of a method for training indoor volleyball players to acquire the technique of hitting the ball at the highest possible point by taking advantage of the full range of motion of the knee and hip joints in order to jump vertically without moving forward, that is, using the technique employed by beach volleyball players. The discussion suggests that developing this into techniques and training methods, and thence utilizing them in coaching, may make a meaningful contribution to the improvement of players’ results in indoor volleyball games.

本研究は，三段跳を専門とする大学男子競技者（H競技者）が「積極的着地」を習得し，競技記録を向上させた約5ヶ月間の取り組みについて，運動の意識や感じ，運動フォームや記録の変化から，その実用性や妥当性を検討した事例研究である．H競技者は，「積極的着地」を習得していると考えられる一流競技者の運動フォームを参考に，ホップ動作を「ホップ空中時の姿勢」，「タメ」，「積極的着地」という3つの要素へと分節化してとらえるとともに，それらを段階的に身に付け「積極的着地」を習得する5つの練習方法を考案し，実施した．取り組みの結果，H競技者は「積極的着地」を習得し，自己最高記録を14.71m (+0.4) から15.48m (+1.8) へ向上することができた．メンバーチェック等を含めた俯瞰的分析より，本研究で取り組んだ多くの練習は，「積極的着地」を導き出す手段の一つとなる可能性が示された．

Acquisition of an active landing technique in the step phase of the triple jump: A jumper who, despite heel pain, improved his record from 14.71 m to 15.48 m
The present study examined the practicality and validity of training exercises done by a male university triple jumper (jumper H) with the goal of his having an improved active landing technique. Measures included his scores in competition, changes in his consciousness and awareness of his movements, and his form. The form of a top-class jumper who had mastered an active landing technique was analyzed, segmenting it into 3 elements: posture in the air at the hop, maintaining (tame), and an active landing. These elements were then used to develop 5 training exercises aimed at the acquisition of an active landing technique. After practicing these training exercises for 5 months, jumper H acquired an active landing technique and succeeded in improving his best record from 14.71 m (+0.4) to 15.48 m (+1.8). These results suggest that these exercises may be a way to train jumpers to have an active landing technique.

本研究は1500mTT走において1人走と2人走の違いがパフォーマンス，ペース，および，生理的応答や心理的状態に与える影響を検証することを目的とした．被験者は習慣的にレクリエーションとしてランニングを行っている男子大学生・院生の6名であった．被験者は400mトラックで1500mTT走を1人走と2人走で各7回ずつ行った．その結果，ライバルが存在する2人走の1500mTT走の記録は1人走のそれに比べ5.9秒（2.1%）有意に速くなった（p<0.05）．しかし，両者の1500mTT走フィニッシュ時の最高心拍数（HRmax），ピーク血中乳酸濃度（peakBLa）及び主観的運動強度（RPE）に有意な差が認められなかった．1500mTT走のw-up前の二次元気尺度（TDMS）の活性度は2人走が1人走よりも有意に高かった（p<0.05）．従って，2人走で競争しながら1500mTT走を行うことは1人走よりも記録を高め，その原因の1つが生理的変動よりも走る前の活性度（やる気度）の高まりに負うことが考えられる．すなわち，競争相手（ライバル）がいる（2人走）場合はいない場合（1人走）に比べ，高い外因性の動機づけが生じることを示唆した．

Influences of absence (solo) and presence (head-to-head competition) of a competitor on psychological factors, overall running performance, and pacing during 1500-m runs
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze possible influences of the absence (solo) and presence (head-to-head competition; HHC) of a competitor during 1,500-m-runs on runners’ overall performance, pacing, physiological responses, and psychological condition. Method: The participants, six male runners, ran 1,500 meters on a 400-meter running track, and their runs were timed. Each of them ran alone and also in competition with another participant (head-to-head competition). Results: The run times when runners were competing with another runner were 5.9 seconds faster (2.1%) than when they ran alone (p<0.05). Immediately after the runs, no significant differences were found in the following physiological parameters: maximum heart rate (HRmax), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak blood lactate (peakBLa), and rated perceived exertion (RPE). However, before the runs, the level of activity of an index included in the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale (TDMS) was significantly higher when runners were going to compete against another runner (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although the runners’psychological condition changed, as indicated by their responses on the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale, in that they perceived that their performance would be improved by the presence of a competitor, their physiological responses were not significantly different when they were running alone compared to when they ran with a competitor. These findings suggest that presence of a competitor may have been sufficient for generating a higher level of motivation than when running alone in the absence of a competitor.