本研究は，自己調整学習能力の観点から，高校野球選手の主体的な練習活動と競技レベルとの関係，および指導スタイルと自己調整学習能力の関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．この目的を達成するために，チームの競技レベル，あるいは各個人のチーム内の競技レベル (チーム内立場) によって自己調整学習能力に差異が認められるかどうか検討した．さらに，選手の自己調整学習能力を高める指導方法に関して，チームの運営決定権の委譲 (チームの運営方針を決定するときに指導者が選手に意識して任せること) が，自己調整学習能力を高める指導として有効であるか検討した．その結果，相対的な競技レベルが高いチームでも低いチームでも，同じチームに所属しているメンバー内での競技レベルの良し悪しを決定付けるのは，自己調整学習能力が一つの要因であることが明らかになった．また，運営決定権に関しては，指導者も選手も選手に運営決定権があると認識している「選手主導」のチームの選手は，指導者に運営決定権があると認識している「指導者主導」のチームの選手よりも高い自己調整学習能力を示したが，その差は大きなものではなかった．従って，指導者の運営決定権の委譲スタイルだけでは選手の自己調整学習能力に影響を与えることはできないということが示唆された．

Relationship of self-regulation learning ability, game power, and coaching style in high school baseball
The present study investigated relationships between players’ voluntary training and game power, and between coaching style and self-regulation learning ability in high school baseball players by examining how teams’ game power and the game power of individuals on the team affected the players’ self-regulation learning ability. Coaching methods for improving players’ self-regulation learning ability were also investigated by examining the extent that delegation of decision making authority, in which the coach left decisions about team operation to the players, improved those players’ self-regulation ability. It was found that, regardless of the degree of relative game power, self-regulation learning ability was a key to deciding the game power of the members of a team. The examination of operational decision-making authority revealed that the players on teams where both the coach and the players felt that the players could take initiatives showed higher self-regulation learning ability than the players on teams where the players felt that their coach retained the decision-making authority. However, the differences observed were rather small, suggesting that delegation of a coach’s decision-making authority may not have much effect on players’ self-regulation learning ability.

本研究では，ラジオ体操第1をヒントとして，安全かつ快適な登山に有効な「身のこなし」の獲得が期待できる「登山体操」を開発することを目的とした．まず，登山に必要とされる動きや，改善させたい身体能力を考慮し，10種類の動きを筆者が制作・提案し，共同研究者と共に動きの修正を図った．その後，修正を加えた10種類の動きをもとにダンス振付家が音楽（曲）をつけ，動きが整理された登山体操（案）が提案された．さらに，筆者と共同研究者で修正を加え，3分間で実施可能な一連の体操を完成させ，10種類の動きについて，予想される効果と動きの注意点をまとめた．完成した登山体操について，運動強度をラジオ体操第1との比較により検討した．その結果，登山体操を軽く行った場合には，ラジオ体操を軽く行った場合よりもやや負荷が高いものの，血中乳酸濃度は変化しなかった．一方，激しく行った場合には血中乳酸濃度の増加につながる高い負荷をかけられたことから，運動強度を幅広く調節することが可能であり，年齢や性別によらず，各人の体力レベルに応じて活用できると考えられた．

Development of mountaineering gymnastic exercises designed to improve movements made during mountain climbing
The aim of the present study was to develop a “mountaineering gymnastics”that could teach movements useful for safe and comfortable mountain climbing, based on hints from “radio gymnastics #1”. In Japan,“radio gymnastics” refers to a prescribed set of exercises that can be done by anyone; the participants do exercises in a set sequence while listening to an NHK radio program that provides instructions and rhythmic music. First, the present author designed ten kinds of exercises that were related to movements required for mountain climbing, while considering the physical abilities that needed to be improved. These exercises were later improved with the assistance of a colleague. A dance choreographer then added music. The author and her colleague further adjusted the exercise program so that it could be done in 3 minutes. Expected effects and points to be noted were then summarized. The intensity of these exercises was compared with the intensity of radio gymnastics #1. When these exercises were done gently, the work load was slightly higher than from doing radio gymnastics #1, but the concentration of blood lactic acid was at the same level. On the other hand, when these exercises were done vigorously, the high work load resulted in a higher concentration of blood lactic acid. This suggests that by controlling the intensity of the exercises, these mountaineering gymnastic exercises could be done by people at any level of physical strength, regardless of gender and age.

バレーボールは，世界的に競技人口も多く老若男女様々な世代が楽しむことのできる人気の高い競技であり，戦前より体育科教育の教材として位置づけられ，数多くの授業研究が行なわれ教材研究や指導法の改善がなされている．同じバレーボール種目でも，教科体育分野では，対象者の発達段階や熟達度の視点からの研究や初心者指導においての教師の教授方法についての研究が数多く行なわれている．それに対して課外体育分野では，女子小学生チームを対象とした専門的な短期指導の研究やバレーボール教室の形成的評価の活用実施の研究はあるが，教科体育分野と比べて少ないのが現状である．そこで本研究では，2016 年に開催された小学生バレーボール教室の評価の結果と，今回小学生バレーボール教室で行った授業の形成的評価の結果との違いを明らかにし，それを小学生バレーボール教室の実施教材として提供することを目的とした．小学生バレーボール教室の実施プログラムの作成や自身の行なったコーチングを参加者の評価という形でフィードバックを受けて，自己省察するための客観的な資料を得ることに本研究の意義がある．

Formative evaluation of a volleyball class for elementary school pupils
Volleyball is a popular sport, enjoyed by men and women of all ages worldwide. Since before-WWII, it has been an established part of the physical education curriculum in Japan, and many studies have aimed at improvements in teaching and coaching. In physical education, much research has been done on coaching by teachers from the point of view of its impact on students’ growth and maturity. However, the present author could find less published research on volleyball as an extracurricular activity, aside from some investigations of short-term training of elementary school girls and formative evaluation of volleyball class lessons. The present study examined differences between the results of an evaluation of elementary school volleyball lessons that was conducted in 2016 and a more recent formative evaluation, implemented a volleyball curriculum for elementary school children, and collected feedback from the participants in that curriculum so that an evaluation of the program, including the coaching, could be conducted.

スポーツ活動時に見られる一過性の水分損失は，競技パフォーマンスや認知機能を低下させる．テニス競技においても水分損失を引き起こすことが報告されており，テニス競技特有のパフォーマンスとの関連性を検討する必要がある．本研究は，テニス競技のトレーニング時における水分損失率とサービス精度との関連性を検討することを目的とした．対象者は大学テニス部に所属する健常な男子学生12名とし，30分間のテニストレーニングを実施した．測定項目は，体重，主観的運動強度(RPE)，サービス精度（それぞれトレーニング前後）および心拍数（トレーニング中）とした．トレーニング前後の体重はそれぞれ67.8 ± 8.2kgおよび67.2 ± 8.2kgで有意な減少を示した（p ＜ 0.05）．トレーニング中の平均心拍数は154.5 ± 15.5 bpm，トレーニング後の主観的運動強度(RPE)は15.0 ± 2.0だった．トレーニング前後におけるサービス精度の平均値はそれぞれ4.9 ± 1.8球および， 4.4 ± 1.5球であり，有意な変化は認められなかったが，水分損失率とサービス精度に負の相関関係が認められた(p ＜ 0.05，partial r = -0.70)．本研究により，水分損失がサービス精度の低下を引き起こす要因として考えられた．

Relation between dehydration during training and accuracy of male university tennis players' serves
Transient dehydration during sport activities lowers athletes’ competitive performance and cognitive function. In tennis, also, dehydration occurs, and its influence on performance should be examined. The present study investigated the relation between dehydration during tennis practice and service accuracy. The participants were 12 male university tennis players. For this study, they practiced tennis for 30 minutes. The measures before and after the practice included weight, rating of perceived exertion, and service accuracy; heart rate was measured during the practice. The average weight was 67.8±8.2 kg before the practice and 67.2±8.2 kg after, which was a significant decrease (p<0.05). The average heart rate during training was 154.5±15.5 bpm, and the rating of perceived exertion after training was 15.0±2.0. The average service accuracy was 4.9±1.8 balls and 4.4±1.5 balls. These differences did not reach statistical significance. A negative correlation was observed between dehydration rate and service accuracy (partial r=-0.70, p<0.05). These results suggest that dehydration may be a cause of lowered service accuracy.

A大学男子バスケットボール部に所属する2名のプレーヤーは，全国大会への出場を左右するA大学対B大学戦において，僅差で迎えた第3ピリオドの終了前，および試合終了前に全く同様のディフェンス（サイドラインからのスロー・イン時にパッサーが投じたボールにジャンプしてブロックし，オフェンスを終わらせるプレー：パスブロック）を行い，A大学の勝利に貢献する貴重なプレーとなった．本事例のようにパスブロックが2プレー出現した公式試合は非常に珍しい．彼らにインタビュー調査をしたところ，2〜5か月前にA大学体育学部の「バレーボール」の授業を受講していた．そこで，パスブロックとバレーボールのブロック技能との関係性について，対象者2名と，未受講者のバスケットボール部レギュラーメンバー2名により比較検討した．この結果，パスブロックを成功するためのポイントは，バレーボールのブロック時の腕をゼロポジションにする（ネットより手を前に出す）技能と関係していることが推察された．このことから，バスケットボール経験者がバレーボールのブロック技能を習得することは，パスブロックを成功させるために有意義であると考えられる．

Relation between blocked passes in basketball and the blocking technique in volleyball: Comparison of experts and beginners at blocking passes
Two basketball players who were students at A university participated with B university students in a selection game for a national tournament. They succeeded twice with a very effective defensive play (blocked pass) by jumping in order to block the ball thrown from the sideline by an opponent. One of these plays was before the end of the 3rd period when the scores of the two teams were separated by a narrow margin; the other was before the end of the match. Both plays contributed to A university’s victory. It is rare in an official basketball match to have two blocked passes. In their post-game interview, the players explained that they had received a volleyball lesson at their university 2 to 5 months prior to this game. In the present study, the play of those 2 basketball players and 2 regular members of the volleyball team was compared, in order to examine the relation between blocked passes in basketball and the blocking technique in volleyball. The results indicated that volleyball blocked passes were a success when the player’s arms were set at a zero position (stretching the arms beyond the net). This suggests that basketball players should acquire the volleyball blocking technique in order to be able to successfully block passes.

本研究では，剣道における足構え（全日本剣道連盟，2009）の重要性について検討するため，左足踵に着目して離床時と着床時の2種の条件において，下肢動作の反応時間を定量化した．攻撃への反応動作として光刺激を察知してからの前方への正面打突，防御への反応動作として後方及び左右への移動動作において，同一の被検者における左足踵の離床時と着床時の反応時間を明らかにして比較した．その結果，いずれの対象動作においても左足踵の離床時は，反応時間が短かった．以上のことから，左足踵の離床時は，相手の動作に対して素早い対応が可能となることが示唆され，剣道選手は常に左足踵の離床を維持することが重要であると考えられた．

Stance in kendo: reaction time of lower leg movement while the left heel is on or off the floor
In order to examine the importance of stance in kendo, the present study quantified the reaction time of the participant’s movement of the lower leg while his left heel was on or off the floor. The reaction time of a kendoka while his left heel was on or off the floor was compared for attack, in a frontal strike as a reaction after sensing a light stimulus, and for defense, in a movement toward the back, left, or right as a reaction. The results showed that, for any motion, reaction time was shorter when the left heel was off the floor. This suggests that when a kendoka’s left heel is off the floor, a quick reaction to movements by the opponent becomes easier. Thus, kendoka must always be prepared to move their left heel off the floor.

本研究は，疲労骨折(完全骨折)を発症した長距離走者に対し，医療機関，スポーツジム，学校を連携させたプログラムを実施したことで，選手が早期競技復帰に成功した事例について報告する．対象者は，平成30年2月10日の駅伝レース中に脛骨の疾走型疲労骨折(完全骨折)を発症し，観血的骨接合術により金属プレートで骨折箇所を固定した女子長距離走者1名である．対象者は術後6週4日の免荷期間を経て4月3日に歩行が許可され，以後大会までの期間，医師による定期的な診断結果に基づきながら，学校とスポーツジムを連携させたトレーニングに取り組んだ．そのプログラムの中心は，ジムでの自転車エルゴメータと筋力トレーニングを用いた高強度トレーニングであり，次の段階である学校でのペース走やレペティション走などの高強度ランニング練習へと連動させた．その結果，歩行開始から8週，通常の練習開始から2週で6月4日の大会に出場し，骨折前より数秒遅い記録までパフォーマンスが回復していた．以上のことから，医療機関，スポーツジム，学校でのトレーニングを効果的に連動させることで，怪我をした選手の競技復帰を早めることが可能であることが示唆された．

Early return to competition following a long-distance runner’s stress fracture: collaboration of the hospital’s doctor, a sports gym trainer, and the coach at the runner’s school
The present article reports the case of a female high-school long-distance runner who had a running-induced stress fracture and yet was able to return early to competition after a collaborative program that involved her doctor, her sports gym trainer, and the coach at her school. The runner had a complete stress fracture of the left tibia when she was participating in an ekiden on February 10, 2018. The fracture was surgically fixed with a metal plate. On the first day that she was permitted to walk (April 3), she started a program that consisted of high-intensity strength training in a sports gym using a bicycle ergometer and muscle training, and she also did other low-intensity training at her school. Both types of strength training were carried out in parallel. After that, she transitioned smoothly to pace running, repetition running, and other forms of training for high-intensity running. Two months after she had resumed walking, and 2 weeks after she had resumed normal training, she participated in a competition in which her performance was approximately the same as before her injury. This outcome suggests that collaboration of staff at medical institutions, gyms, and schools may enable injured athletes to make an early return to competition.

本研究では，ダンス・ワークショップにおけるファシリテーターの意図に基づいて用いられる空間配置の特徴を確かめ，これを体験した児童の自己価値の評価の前後変化との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．VTR分析から，空間配置は，「個人」「ペア」「グループ」「全員」に分けられる「集団-個人」軸と，「対面」「背面」「列」「円形」「分散」に分けられる「能動的-受動的」軸で区別された．ファシリテーターの意図と空間配置の関係を考察すると，新しいものを生み出すために個々のアイディアを融合させるには「個人」から「グループ」へと変化させることや，参加者が安心して動くことや主体性の促進が目的の場合は「円形」を用いることなどが示された．児童への質問紙調査の結果，ダンス・ワークショップ体験前後で有意に自己価値の評価が高くなった．しかし，4グループ間では自己価値の評価に統計的差はなかった．そのため，空間配置のカテゴリーごとの割合と自己価値の得点変化の関係は確かめられなかったが，「対面」の空間配置の時間が少なく「円形」の空間配置の時間が多いことと，自己価値の高い評価および恥ずかしさの払拭に，関係がある可能性が示唆された．

Influences of dance workshops for children on their evaluations of self-worth: arrangement of the space based on the facilitator’s intention
The present study examined features of the arrangement of space in dance workshops, based on the facilitator’s intentions, in relation to changes in the participating children’s evaluations of their self-worth. Using video analysis, the arrangement of space was classified into a group-individual dimension, which consisted of individual, pair, and group, and a positive-passive dimension, which consisted of face-to-face, back-to-back, rows, circles, and scattered. The relation between the facilitator’s intentions and the arrangement of the space showed that the children changed from individual to group in order to combine individuals’ ideas and create something novel, whereas they used circles for moving at ease or promoting individuals’ identity. The results of a questionnaire completed by the children showed a significant improvement in their evaluation of their self-worth. No statistically significant difference was found in their evaluation of self-worth across the 4 groups. For that reason, although a significant relation between the ratio of the arrangement of space and changes in the children’s reports of self-worth was not observed, a possible relationship was suggested between the use of a small amount of time for face-to-face arrangement of the space and a long time for circle arrangements. This suggests that there may be a relationship between high evaluation of self-worth and discarding feelings of shame.

本研究は大学女子バレーボールチームを対象に西日本バレーボール大学女子選手権大会における優勝チーム，鹿屋体育大学（以下KT大）を例に勝敗とサーブミスの関係を明らかにすることである．近年サーブにおいて強いサーブによって，得点を取る，または相手を崩すことが重要であると報告されている．しかし，強いサーブとサーブミスはトレードオフの関係にあり，さらに，ミスによる失点が相手チームより多ければ勝つことが出来ないとされていた．KT大は相手チームよりサーブ失点が多かったが（4.42 ± 1.98，p<0.01），サーブ得点（1.32 ± 1.38，p<0.05），サーブ効果率（-14.1 ± 22.9，p<0.01）が相手よりも有意に高かった．また，レセプション返球率（51.2 ± 15.5，p<0.01）及びレセプションアタック率（78.2 ± 12.7，p<0.01）も有意に高かった．このことから，サーブミスによる失点をアタック及びサーブ得点またはサイドアウト得点でカバーしていることとなり，アタック，サーブ等による攻撃力が優れていることが試合に勝つために必要となる．つまり，サーブミスが負けに大きく関わるのではなく，サーブで相手を崩す，もしくは得点すること，相手よりもレセプションアタック率をあげることが重要となることが明らかになった．

Influences of service faults and reception attacks on match outcomes in volleyball: university women’s volleyball team’s games
The present study examined influences of service faults on the results of volleyball games played by the women’s volleyball team at the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya (hereafter called KT University). This team won the West Japan Women’s Volleyball Championship. Recently, it has been said that it is important to score or break the opposing team with a strong service. However, there is a trade-off between having a strong service and making service faults, and making more service faults than the opposing team will lead to loss of the game. In the games examined for the present study, the KT University team made more service faults than the opposing team (4.42±1.98, p<0.01), but its service advantages (1.32±1.38 p<0.01) and service effectiveness rate (-14.1±22.9, p<0.01) were significantly higher. Furthermore, the service return rate (51.2±15.5, p<0.01) and the reception attack rate (78.2±12.7, p<0.01) were also significantly higher. These data indicate that points lost because of service faults were compensated for by points obtained as a result of attacking, service, and side outs. This suggests that it may be most important for winning to have strong attacking power. In other words, service faults are not a main factor in defeats, but, rather, breaking the opponents with the service, getting service points, and increasing reception attacks may be more important for winning.

大学生の男子体操競技部の選手12名（上位群，中位群，下位群，高校始め群が3名ずつ）を対象に，�@12種目の基礎体力の測定を行うとともに，�Aゆか運動の演技で求められる26項目の技能について，そのできばえに対する指導者や周りの選手の印象を数値で評価した．そして�@や�Aの評価値が競技力とどのような関係を示すかを検討した．その結果，各群における基礎体力や技能に関して，要素別に見た優劣の特徴が明らかとなった．また�@と�Aとの関係の検討から，各種の技能に対してどのような基礎体力が関わっているかについて示唆が得られた．そしてこれらのデータに基づいて，各選手が自身の演技における長短所を，技能と基礎体力とを関連づけて確認できるフィードバックシートを作成した．体操競技ではこれまで，選手の基礎体力が測定されることは少なかった．また，演技の評価に関しては，定性的な印象により行われることが多かった．これに対して本手法は，ゆか運動に必要な各種の技能を数値により可視化し，それを基礎体力とも関連づけて検討するものであり，従来にはない新たな視点で競技力向上の示唆を得ることも可能であると考えられた．

A new evaluation method for identifying problems in technique and physical fitness in university gymnasts' floor exercises
In the present study, the coaches and teammates of gymnasts gave numerical ratings to the gymnasts’ physical fitness (12 items) and floor exercise techniques (26 items), based on their impressions of the gymnasts. The gymnasts who were rated included 3 university students at each of the following levels: upper, intermediate, and lower, as well as 3 tenth graders (high school entrance level). The relationship between those ratings and the gymnasts’ competitive skills was examined. The results indicated the features of physical fitness and technique in each group on the items rated. Also, the association between the ratings of physical fitness and floor exercise techniques suggested which type of physical fitness was required for which technique. Based on these data, a feedback sheet was then developed that enables competitors to confirm the strengths and weaknesses in their performance in relation to their techniques and physical fitness. In gymnastics, the physical fitness of athletes is seldom measured. Also, ratings of performance have been done mostly by qualitative impressions. In contrast, the present method provides a numerical measure of the quality of the techniques required for floor exercises and relates that to physical fitness. Improvement of performing power may be a result of this new method.