林享(東海学園大学)，草薙健太(中京大学)，水上拓也(中京大学)，松井健(追手門学院大学)

本研究の目的は，競泳選手における自由形泳内的映像（視線の映像）がヘッドマウント型ディスプレイ（HMD）と液晶モニター（LCD）の2つのデバイスで視聴した際にどちらが有効であるか，生理応答と視聴後のパフォーマンスより比較検討することであった．本実験には男性競泳選手11名が参加した．被験者はHMDを用いての内的映像の視聴（HMD条件），LCDで視聴（LCD条件）および内的映像を視聴しないControlを試行し，それぞれの視聴直後に100m全力自由形泳を行った．測定項目は，100m自由形泳タイム，血中乳酸濃度，心拍数であった．実験の結果，100m自由形泳タイムはHMD条件がLCD条件やControlに比べて有意に速く（p<0.01），ピーク血中乳酸濃度値においてもHMD条件がControlに比べて有意に高かった（p<0.01）．内的映像視聴中における平均心拍数はHMD条件がControlに比べて有意に高く（p<0.05），映像視聴に伴う血中乳酸濃度の変化においても，HMD条件が内的映像視聴後に有意に増加した（p<0.05）．以上の結果から，100m自由形泳はHMDを用いて内的映像を視聴することによってタイムが速くなり，ピーク血中乳酸濃度値が上昇することが明らかになった．また，HMD内的映像を視聴するだけで平均心拍数が上昇し，血中乳酸濃度値も上昇することが明らかとなった．

Effects on the swimming performance of competitive swimmers of viewing a head-mounted display and a liquid-crystal display
The purpose of the present study was to compare effectiveness of a head-mounted display (HMD) and a liquid-crystal display (LCD) viewed by competitive freestyle swimmers, by assessing the swimmers’ performance in the 100-meter swim and their physiological responses. The participants were eleven male competitive swimmers. Effects of three conditions (head-mounted display, liquid-crystal display, and no-display-assistance) were compared. Each condition was followed by a 100-m freestyle all-out swim. The measures included 100-m freestyle time, blood lactate concentration, and heart rate. The results indicated that the 100-m freestyle time of the swimmers in the head-mounted display condition was significantly faster than that of the swimmers in the liquid-crystal display and control conditions (p<0.01). The swimmers in the head-mounted display condition also showed a significantly higher peak blood lactate concentration (p < 0.01). The mean heart rate of the swimmers in the head-mounted display condition while viewing the images was also significantly higher (p<0.05). Moreover, the blood lactate concentration of the swimmers in the head-mounted display condition increased significantly after viewing the images, compared to that of the swimmers in the other conditions (p<0.05). The swimmers’ viewing images with the head-mounted display was associated with improvement in their 100-m freestyle time and also increased peak blood lactate concentration after swimming. The head-mounted display by itself was associated with an increase in the swimmers’ mean heart rate while viewing the images and their blood lactate concentration after viewing.

佐藤友樹(東京福祉大学), 久住亮介(Singapore Gymnastics), 正見こずえ(大阪産業大学)

本研究では、男子体操競技における平行棒の「前方開脚宙返り抜き腕支持」について練習・指導の事例を示し、この技の習得に役立つ知見を得ることを目的とした．対象者は大学生体操選手1名であり，「前方開脚宙返り抜き腕支持」を実施した経験はなかった．「前方開脚宙返り抜き腕支持」の技術として，支持後ろ振り技術，離手技術，回転加速技術，腕支持技術の4つの技術を抽出し，それらを獲得するための練習方法を設定して実施させた．その結果，対象者は「前方開脚宙返り抜き腕支持」を習得することができた．そして，このことから本研究で抽出した技術およびそれらを獲得するための練習方法が「前方開脚宙返り抜き腕支持」の習得において、妥当であることが示唆された．

Coaching front open leg somersault vent arm support on the parallel bars
The present study describes an example of exercises and coaching for the front open leg somersault vent arm support used in parallel bars in men’s gymnastic competitions, and how information was collected to develop the exercises. The participant was a university student gymnast who had not previously done front open leg somersault vent arm supports. In order to develop relevant exercises, the overall movements were broken down into four techniques: support backward swing, hand releasing, rotating acceleration, and arm support. After practicing exercises using these techniques, the participant was able to acquire the front open leg somersault vent arm support. This suggests that the four techniques and the exercises might be useful for enabling gymnasts to acquire the front open leg somersault vent arm support.

村上俊祐(鹿屋体育大学)，北村哲(びわこ成蹊スポーツ大学)，��橋仁大(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は大学テニス選手を対象に，ゲーム状況におけるフォアハンドストロークの打球データを取得し，その打球の速度と回転数の分布を明らかにするとともに，フォアハンドストロークについて速度と回転数を基にした評価の可能性について検討することを目的とした．ゲーム状況におけるフォアハンドストロークについて，選手Aの打球速度の平均値は108.56km/h，回転数の平均値は1610rpm，選手Bの打球速度の平均値は115.41km/h，回転数の平均値は2126rpm，選手Cの打球速度の平均値は114.26km/h，回転数の平均値は2491rpmであった．3選手それぞれのゲーム状況におけるフォアハンドストロークについて，攻撃場面，守備場面と実験状況の打球速度と回転数の分布を比較したところ，それぞれ異なる傾向がみられた．選手Cのゲーム状況における攻撃場面において，打球速度と回転数の間に有意な負の相関（p<0.05）がみられたが，選手Aの守備場面や選手Bの攻撃場面における打球速度の高いケースなど，一定のスイング速度で打球できていない状況がみられた．ゲーム状況と実験状況における打球の分布を比較することで予測・判断の能力や戦術の成否，調子の良し悪しなどのゲーム状況における技術レベルを評価できる可能性が示唆された．

Evaluation of ground strokes in actual tennis matches: Relation between ball speed and ball spin rate of forehand strokes by collegiate male tennis players
The present study examined distribution of ball speed and ball spin rate of forehand strokes in tennis games and evaluated the forehand strokes based on the relation between ball speed and ball spin rate. Three university student tennis players participated in the study. The results were as follows: the average ball speed of player A was 108.56 km/h, and his average spin rate was 1610 rpm; the average ball speed of player B was 115.41 km/h, and his average spin rate was 2126 rpm; the average ball speed of player C was 114.26 km/h, and his average spin rate was 2491 rpm. When the 3 players’ forehand strokes in a game were compared, differences were observed in the distribution of ball speed and ball spin rate in the offensive and defensive phases. Moreover, a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) was found between ball speed and the spin rate of player C’s forehand strokes in the offensive phases of games. However, when players did not hit the ball, player A’s swing speed was fast in the defensive phases, and that of player B was high in the offensive phases. Furthermore, when the distribution of ball speed and spin rate in games was compared to the experimental situation, differences in the relation of ball speed and ball spin rate were found among the 3 players. These results suggest that it may be possible to evaluate technical level in games on such measures as ability to anticipate and make decisions, success and failure of tactics, and a player’s condition.

佐藤大典(中京大学)，水藤弘吏(愛知学院大学)，草薙健太(中京大学)，��橋篤史(朝日大学)，��橋繁浩(中京大学)

本研究の目的は，男子100mおよび200m自由形を対象とし，国内における2012年ロンドン五輪選考会と2016年リオデジャネイロ五輪選考会のレース分析結果より泳パフォーマンスの向上に貢献した局面について調査することを目的とした．対象者はロンドン選考会およびリオ選考会において，100mおよび200m自由形の各決勝競技に出場した男子選手8名ずつ，計32名とした．本研究で用いたデータは，公益財団法人日本水泳連盟科学委員会の許可を得て，同委員会が報告しているものを利用した．本報告では，変化率（リオ選考会とロンドン選考会の割合）を算出することにより，各変数の増減を評価した．その結果，100m自由形ではリオ選考会の方がロンドン選考会よりもストローク局面，スタート局面，ターンイン局面，ターンアウト局面における泳速度の増加が確認され，特にストローク局面では，ストローク長が増加したことにより，泳速度が増加したことが示された．200m自由形では，ストローク局面での平均泳速度は両試合間に大きな変化はみられず，スタート局面およびターンアウト局面における泳速度の増加が記録の短縮に貢献したことが示された．

Comparison of racing parameters of male short- and middle-distance free style swimmers in trials for the London and Rio Olympics
The present study investigated parameters that may have contributed to improving the race records of male 100-meter and 200-meter free style swimmers, based on the results of the screening trials for the 2012 London Olympics and the 2016 Rio Olympics. The participants were 32 male swimmers (8 per race) who swam in the 100-meter and 200-meter free style finals in the London and Rio Olympic trials. The data were obtained with permission from reports of the Scientific Committee of the Japan Swimming Federation. Changes between the London and Rio trials in the rate of several variables were evaluated. The results indicated that swimming speed was higher in the stroke, start, turn-in, and turn-out phases in Rio than in London. In particular, in the stroke phase, swimming speed increased as a result of increased stroke length. In the 200-meter free style, the average swimming speed in the stroke phase did not change between the two trials, but an increase in swimming speed in the start and turn-out phases contributed to the observed improvement in the results.

伊藤博一(帝京平成大学), 塩崎七穂(帝京平成大学), 田中亮匡(帝京平成大学), 砂川憲彦(帝京平成大学)

本研究では，投能力の低下が著しく，かつ，メンコ遊びの上達によって投能力の向上が期待できる小学5年生男子を対象に，メンコ遊びの成績上位者における動作の特徴を分析した．また，得られた結果から，メンコ遊び上達のための指導ポイントを明らかにすることを目的とした．その結果，メンコ遊びの成績と最も相関関係が強かった項目はメンコ初速度であり，メンコ遊び低得点群と比較して高得点群のメンコ初速度も有意に大きかったことから，メンコ遊び上達のための指導ポイントとして第一に重要となることは，メンコ初速度を高めることであると考えられた．そして，メンコ初速度を高めるためには，「大きなステップ幅で構える」「踏込脚の膝関節を大きく屈曲させて構える」「踏込脚の膝関節を大きく伸展させながら投げる」「体幹部を大きく前屈させながら投げる」「リリースポイントの真下付近にメンコを投射する」ことが重要であると考えられた．また，これらメンコ初速度を高めるための動作に加え，「より低い位置でメンコをリリースする」ことが，メンコ遊びの成績向上に重要であると考えられた．小学5年生男子に対しては，これらのポイントを重点的に指導することで，メンコ遊びの上達や投能力の向上が期待できると考えられた．

Coaching elementary school fifth graders in the menko card game
The present study analyzed features of throwing in menko (a traditional Japanese card game) by elementary school fifth grade menko experts, in an attempt to find ways to improve throwing ability through menko practice. The results were used to find points for coaching that might improve children’s menko play. The item having the strongest correlation with menko performance was the initial velocity of the menko. When beginners’ and the experts’initial menko velocity was compared, it was found that the velocity of the experts’ throws was significantly faster than that of the beginners. This suggests that a priority coaching point should be to increase the initial velocity of the menko. In order to do that, a series of motions is necessary, including standing with the feet wide apart, bending the knee of the stepping leg deeply, extending the knee of that leg broadly and bending the trunk far forward when throwing the menko, and throwing the menko immediately below the release point. In addition to those motions, it is also important to release the menko from as low a position as possible. It is possible that the throwing ability of elementary school fifth graders will improve if coaching emphasizes those points.

石川貴典(鹿屋体育大学)，徳田祐貴(鹿屋体育大学)，後藤健介(鹿屋体育大学)，竹中健太郎(鹿屋体育大学)，前阪茂樹(鹿屋体育大学)，山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

大学生のレベルで剣道の競技力に優れる12名（上位群）と，競技力の低い12名（下位群）とを対象に，各種の体力測定を行った。次に，上位群の各選手を対象に，競技場面で要求される様々な技能のレベルについて，指導者や周りの選手達が持つ主観的な評価を，visual analog scale（VAS）を用いて定量的に表した。評価項目は，様々な技を繰り出す能力，打突に関する能力，各種の間合における能力など19項目であった。そして各種の体力測定値と，数値で表された各種の技能との関係を検討し，それぞれの技能に特に優れる選手が持つ体力特性を，下位群の体力に対する偏差値で表した。その結果，下位群はもとより，上位群が各種の技能をさらに改善するためには，どのような体力をどの程度向上させればよいのかについての示唆が得られた。これらの結果を元に，各選手へのフィードバックシートを作成した。これは，当該選手に対する現場レベルでの技能評価と，各種体力の発達度とを関連づけて一覧できるもので，各選手が自身の技能と体力の現状とを視覚的に把握し，競技力向上の方策を個別に考えるための資料として活用できると考えられた.

Physical characteristics of excellent university student kendoka (2nd report): Quantitative evaluation of techniques aimed at improvement of competitive power
The present study measured the physical strength of university student kendoka in order to identify areas needing improvement. The participants were divided into two groups: an upper group, consisting of 12 who had excellent competitive power, and a lower group, consisting of 12 with lower competitive power. For the students in the upper group, a subjective quantitative evaluation of their ability in the use of various techniques required in competition was made by coaches and colleagues by means of a visual analog scale (VAS). The evaluation included 19 items, such as ability to perform various techniques, ability when striking, and ability to adjust timing. The relation between measured physical strength and the quantitative evaluation of the participants’ techniques was analyzed in terms of deviation from the scores of the lower group in order to identify physical characteristics of top kendoka for each technique. The results suggested which aspects of physical strength should be improved and to what extent they should be improved for various techniques, not only for the participants in the lower group but also for those in the upper group. Each kendoka was informed about his own results by use of a feedback sheet that listed the relation between the field evaluation results and the stage of achievement of various physical strengths. The athlete could use that information in order to understand his own level of technique and strength, and to make plans for how to improve his own competitive power.

森祐貴(神戸学院大学), 今井啓介(武庫川女子大学)

本研究では，競技人数，砂や風などの自然環境の中で競技する上でボールコントロール，ボールタッチに長けたビーチのアンダーハンドレセプション技術や考え方をインドアに取り入れたコーチング実践の有効性について検討し，コーチング現場で活用できる有効な指導方法の事例を提供することを目的とした．，M大学女子バレーボール部に所属する大学生3名を対象として実施され，�@捕球姿勢，�A腕の面の準備の遅さの2点が個人，チームの技術的課題点に挙げられた．，課題改善の取り組みとして，ビーチのコーチングで実践される「練習A：振り上げボールコントロール」，「練習B：片腕ボールコントロール」，「練習C：近距離アンダーハンドレセプション」の3つを実施した．，その結果，2015春季リーグ戦，秋季リーグ戦，2016春季リーグ戦において個人，チームとしてもレセプション返球率を向上させることができた．，本研究での取り組みは，ビーチの指導をインドアに取り入れたコーチング実践の有効性があったと示す結果となった．

Improving underhand reception techniques in volleyball: Incorporating beach volleyball techniques into indoor volleyball coaching
The present study examined effects of incorporating beach volleyball underhand reception techniques and the feeling of the beach that beach volleyball players have into indoor volleyball coaching practice, through adding ball control and ball touch techniques that players use when competing in a natural environment in the context of factors such as the number of athletes and the sand and wind. The study, conducted by three university students who were members of M University Women's Volleyball Club, aimed to develop effective teaching methods that could be utilized at coaching sites. Two points were identified as technical problems for individual athletes and teams: (1) ball catching posture and (2) late preparation of the hand position. In an effort to deal with these problems, three exercises used in beach volleyball were conducted: Practice A: Raising ball control, Practice B: One-handed ball control, and Practice C: Close batting underhand reception. The results suggested that after participation in these exercises, the reception return rate for individuals and teams improved in the 2015 spring and autumn league games, and the 2016 spring league games. The results of the present study suggest that incorporating beach volleyball techniques into indoor volleyball coaching may be an effective addition to the coaching practice.

松島正知(神戸大学)，矢野澄雄(神戸大学)

本研究はトランポリンの踏切における，下肢および体幹筋群の活動と移動距離との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．被験者9名に10本跳躍を行わせ，中心位置の跳躍と後方位置の跳躍に分けた．測定は体幹および下肢筋の筋電図，ハイスピードカメラによる映像ならびにロードセルから検出した出力を同期記録した．踏切局面の区間はトランポリンの沈みを前半と後半，上りを前半と後半に分割して分析した．その結果，下肢関節角度は沈み局面と上り局面ともに終始，変化を示していたが，筋活動は沈み局面の方が上り局面より大きく活動していた．また，腓腹筋の筋活動と移動距離とに相関関係が認められた．腓腹筋の伸張性収縮が移動距離に影響している可能性が示唆された．そして，これらの知見を手がかりに，実践現場へのヒントを検討した．

Relation between muscle activity during takeoff and landing positions in the trampoline straight jump
The present study aimed to examine the relation between muscle activity in the lower legs and the trunk and traveling distance at takeoff in trampoline. Nine participants made 10 jumps, which were divided into jumps from a central position and jumps from a rear position. Synchronous recordings were made of the electromyogram (EMG) of the trunk and lower leg muscles, videos using a high-speed camera, and output from a load cell. The takeoff phase was analyzed by segmenting both the sinking stage and the rebounding stage into halves. The results suggested that the angle of the joint of the lower legs changed continuously through both the sinking stage and the rebounding stage, but that muscle activity was greater in the sinking stage than in the rebounding stage. Also, a correlation was observed between activity of the gastrocnemius muscle and traveling distance. It was suggested that an eccentric contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle may have affected the traveling distance. Possible practical applications of these results are discussed.

太田涼(山梨学院大学)

リレー競技については，これまでトップレベルの技術や戦術が数多く報告されてきたが，より下位レベルのチームに求められる技術や戦術についての報告は少ない．今回，筆者らは，所属チームが異なるリレーメンバーによって構成され，事前のバトンパス練習の回数が限られる中で出場した競技会において，受け走者の加速の充実を基本コンセプトのひとつとした短期間のコーチング実践に取り組んだ．本研究の目的は，得られた各種の資料をもとにこのコーチング実践の事後的検討を行い，その成果と課題を検証することにあった．本事例の予選では，いわゆる「詰まったパス」にとなった．「詰まったパス」の解消にはチェックマークの延長が必要になるが，筆者は受け走者の加速のさらなる充実を念頭に置いてチェックマークの移動を見送った．その結果，準決勝では受け走者が充実した加速を行い，今度はいわゆる「間延びしたパトンパス」となった．さらに決勝では，筆者は選手の不安感を取り除くためにチェックマークを短縮し，受け走者のさらなる加速の充実を引き出すことに成功した．事後的検討の結果，本事例では「詰まったパス」になることを許容するマーク設定によって受け走者の充実した加速を引き出すことができたこと，そして本事例で用いられたコンセプトは事前のバトンパス練習が限られるチームがバトンパス失敗を回避しつつ順当に実力を発揮する上で有効である可能性が示唆された．

Coaching the baton pass by a women’s track and field 4×100-m relay team for the National Sports Festival
Many reports have been published about techniques and tactics of top-level athletes in relay events, but the present author found few published reports regarding lower-level athletes. A short-term coaching program was prepared to improve the acceleration of the baton receiver on a relay team that consisted of members from different groups who had had a limited amount of practice. The present study aimed to analyze and evaluate the results of this coaching program, based on the data obtained. In the preliminary heat, the baton pass became a so-called “clogged pass”. The usual solution for a clogged pass is to extend the check mark, but that was not done in the present study, which took into account further acceleration by the baton receiver. In the semifinal, the baton receiver did accelerate well, but the pass was prolonged. In the finals, the check mark was shortened in an attempt to eliminate any anxiety on the part of the runners. After that change, the baton receiver accelerated further. These results suggest that the setting of the check marks to prevent clogged pass enhanced the acceleration of the baton receiver, and that, by using this method, a relay team that has not had sufficient practice time may still be able to avoid failure in the baton pass.