三浦健(鹿屋体育大学)，木葉一総(鹿屋体育大学)

日本男子バスケットボール界の最高峰リーグの1つであった、NBLに所属する12チームによる2013-2014年のレギュラーシーズン全324ゲームを対象に、独自に考案した方法を用いて、バスケットボール競技におけるゲーム時のフィールド・ゴール（FG：3ポイントシュート（3p）＋2ポイントシュート（2p））、3p、2p、およびフリースロー（FT）成功率についての新基準値を以下のように設定し、この意義について検討した．その結果、新基準値�@（チームが勝利するためにプレイヤーが貢献できるシュートの成功率の最低ライン）は、FGが43%、3pが38%、2pが52%、FT 76％であった．また、新基準値�A（チームにとってプレイヤーが最低限の役割を果たすシュート成功率のライン）は、FGが 43%（新基準値�@と重複）、3pが 32%、2p が49%、およびFTが 63%であった．これらの基準値、特に新基準値�Aでは、高校や大学、および一般等のバスケットボール選手にとって、日本のトップリーグのゲーム時の得点方法別のシュート成功率の基準値が“目指せる範囲にあるだろう”と考え、彼らが試合に出場してシュートを放つ上での達成可能な目標値となる可能性があると考えられる．また、ゲームを采配するコーチにとっても、プレイヤーを評価する一指標となるのではないかと考えられる．

New standards for shot success rate in basketball games based on a point-gaining method: Developed from statistics of games in the Japan top men’s league
The present study proposes a new standard for basketball games, based on the success rate of field goals (FG: 3-point shots (3p) + 2-point shots (2p)), 3p, 2p, and free throws (FT) obtained from 324 basketball games played in 2013-2014 by the 12 teams belonging to the National Basketball League (NBL), which is the top men’s basketball league in Japan. From this analysis, two new standards were developed. New standard #1 for the minimum shot success rate required in the evaluation of each player’s contribution for winning the game is 43% for FG, 38% for 3p, 52% for 2p and 76% for FT. New standard #2 for the shot success rate required for each player to make minimum contribution is 43% for FG, 32% for 3p, 49% for 2p, and 63% for FT. These new standards, particularly new standard #2, are considered to be attainable targets for high school, university, and general basketball players. The standards will also be used by coaches to evaluate players.

下川美佳(鹿屋体育大学),　金高宏文(鹿屋体育大学),　竹中健太郎(鹿屋体育大学),　幾留沙智(鹿屋体育大学),　前田明(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究では，剣道における踏み込み音の違いが，打突における強さと冴えの評価に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした．そのために，踏み込み音を可変した映像資料を用いて，一対比較法による評価テストを実施した．その結果，異なる踏み込み方による音の違いおよびその音量は，冴えや強度の評価に影響を及ぼすことが明らかとなった．以上のことから，打突の冴えや強度の聴覚的判断において，打突音に踏み込み音が加わることで，良い評価を受けることが窺えた．また，その踏み込み音は，足裏全体で床に接地する踏み込み方によって発生する音が好ましいとの知見が得られた．

Influence of the step-in sound on evaluation of the skill and strength of striking in kendo: Paired comparisons using videos with variable sounds
The present study evaluated effects of the step-in sound on evaluation of the strength and skill of striking in kendo. The evaluation tests were analyzed by a paired comparison method, using audiovisual material that included various step-in sounds. The result revealed that differences in the volume of the step-in sound affected the evaluation of the skill and strength of striking. This suggests that a better auditory judgment of the skill and strength of striking may be obtained by adding a step-in sound. Also, a better step-in sound was found to be generated if the entire sole of the foot hit the floor.

橋本直(鹿屋体育大学)，黒川剛(鹿屋体育大学)，山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

自転車競技4kmチームパーシュート（以下4kmTP）においてしばしば発生する先頭交代ミスを防ぐための方策を，走行中の速度，パワー，映像，および選手の内省を手がかりとして検討した．対象者は大学自転車競技部に所属する4kmTPレギュラー選手4名とした．交代局面前の先頭局面での平均パワーと，交代局面後の追走局面開始3秒間の平均パワーとを比較し，その大小関係によって成功試技と失敗試技に分類した．その結果，交代局面における「下り」において，成功試技の方が有意に高いパワーを示していた．その他の結果も含めて検討したところ，交代ミスを防ぐための条件として，交代局面の下りにおいて，先頭局面でのパワーの85％程度を発揮することで，追走開始3秒間のパワーが先頭局面時の80％程度に抑えられ，スムーズな追走に移行できることが示唆された．選手への具体的な提言としては，交代局面の下りで，上記のパワー値を目安として，パワー発揮を落としすぎないように意識すること，その上で交代局面の技術要素（下りのタイミングや角度など）を磨いていくことで，より無駄の少ない交代が可能になると考えられた．

Ways to avoid making mistakes when changing the leading position in 4-km team pursuit cycling
The present study proposed a way to avoid common mistakes in 4-km team pursuit cycling (4-km TP) in the phase in which the leading position is changed, focusing on cycling speed, power, imagery, and self-examination by the riders. The participants were 4 regular members of a 4-km team pursuit team associated with a university cycling team. The trials were classified as successful or unsuccessful on the basis of a comparison of the average power in the leading phase before the change and the average power during the first 3 seconds in the chase phase after the change. The successful trials showed significantly higher power when riders were dropping back in the phase in which the change was made. These results suggest that possible conditions that may avoid mistakes when changing the leading position include controlling the power at 85% of the leading phase when changing the leading position, so that the power for the first 3 seconds in the chase phase is controlled at 80% of that in the leading phase. This smooths the transfer to the chase phase. Other specific suggestions so that riders would make a more effective change include their being conscious of maintaining power at the above-mentioned level, and also brushing up on technical factors, such as timing and the angle at which they drop back.

田村孝洋(中村学園大学), 松田亮(広島経済大学)

本研究の目的は、ランニングにおける協調的動作である腕と脚の動作タイムについて変化を測定して、疾走速度を高める上で重要となる動作ポイントに対する知見を得ることであった．実験は大学陸上競技部に所属する男子短距離走者6名を対象とし、対象者の主観的努力度に基づき2条件（Mid effort, High effort）にて50m走を実施した．各条件を比較した結果、疾走速度の増大（7.53±0.63m/s→8.63±0.29m/s）に対してピッチの増大（3.52±0.33Hz→4.15±0.25Hz）と接地時間の短縮（0.13±0.02s→0.11±0.01s）が関連していることが明らかとなった．この接地時間の短縮に関する疾走動作について、特に接地以後の上腕屈曲動作（0.18±0.03s→0.14±0.02s）と大腿伸展動作（0.17±0.02s→0.14±0.01s）が有意に短縮されていた．また、これら動作と接地時間には有意な相関があったことから上腕動作によって大腿動作の素早い切り返しを誘導することで接地時間を短縮して脚の流れを改善する可能性が示唆された．そのことから、接地から離地に至るまでの上腕の屈曲動作を制御して動作時間を短縮することがパフォーマンス向上につながるポイントだと考えられた．

Effects of changing arm movements on leg flow and ground contact time in running
The objectives of the present research were to measure time series changes in movements of runners’ arms and legs, which are cooperating movements in running, and to clarify the relations of movements of the arms and the legs. In addition, the possibility was considered of improving runners’ performance by controlling the timing of their arm movements. The participants, 6 male members of a university athletic club, did a 50-m run. The results from the 2 conditions, mid effort and high effort, were compared. The results indicated that increasing the pitch (3.52±0.33 Hz→4.15±0.25 Hz) and shortening the ground contact time (0.13±0.02 s→0.11±0.01 s) were related to an increase in running velocity (7.53±0.63 m/s→8.63±0.29 m/s). When ground contact time was shortened, the time of the runners’ arm and leg movements significantly shortened, and these movements were correlated with ground contact time (p<0.05). These results suggest that inducing a turnover of leg movements by arm movements might shorten ground contact time and improve leg flow. Therefore, when attempting to improve performance, it is important to time arm movements so that they end simultaneously with grounding.

甲斐智大(鹿屋体育大学)，堀尾郷介(鹿屋体育大学)，青木竜(鹿屋体育大学)，高井洋平(鹿屋体育大学)

海外のプロサッカーチームでは，Global positioning system（GPS）等を用いてTime-motion分析を行い，試合時の選手の移動距離を定量している．それにより得られるデータは，トレーニングプログラムを計画するために役立つ．本研究では，大学サッカー選手に試合時のGPSデータをフィードバックし，選手の試合時の動きが改善された事例を報告する．大学男子サッカー選手を対象に，公式戦における選手の移動軌跡，総移動距離，速度帯域別の移動距離，高強度での移動が行われた位置とその方向を，GPSで計測した位置座標データから算出した．毎試合後に，各選手にチームおよび個々の課題が記されたシートをフィードバックした．大学サッカー選手の移動距離はシーズンを通じてあまり変化がなかった．一方で，フィードバックを通じて，フォワードの選手の高強度での移動の出現位置と方向が，プロ選手と類似したものとなり，その選手の得点数はシーズン後半で増加した．以上のことから，我々のGPSデータのフィードバックは，大学サッカー選手の試合時の移動を質的に改善し得ることが示された．

Feedback aimed at improving players’ movements during soccer games: A case study of male collegiate players
In international professional soccer teams, data on the players’movements during games is collected by means of a global positioning system (GPS), and the data are then analyzed with time-motion analysis. Information on the distance covered during a game can be useful for designing regular training programs. This study revealed that feedback can be useful for improving players’ movement during soccer games. The x- and y-coordinates were measured with GPS during the official games of one university soccer team throughout two seasons. The players’ trajectory, total distance covered, and distance covered in each velocity zone which are divided into 6 categories, and their location and the direction in which they moved at high-intensity were calculated from the obtained coordinates. After every game, feedback sheets that presented these data were given to each player. The distance covered at high-intensity and the percentage of high intensity movement in the total distance covered did not change through the season in the collegiate players. For the offensive players, however, the direction and location of high-intensity running improved qualitatively during the season, whereas no change in total running distance or high-intensity running distance was found. The offensive players scored more in the second half of the season than in the first half. The present results suggest that feedback using GPS data may assist players’ movements during games.

細川賢司(花園大学), 佐藤哲史(Sports Multiply)

現在，幼児の体力は長期的な低下傾向を示しており，特に調整力の未発達が懸念されている．そこで本研究では，保育現場における利便性・実用性に優れたコーディネーション運動として「ライントレーニング（佐藤，2015）」に着目し，5歳児を対象にその効果を検証した．対象は，兵庫県の私立保育所に在籍する5歳児クラス15名（男子8名，女子7名）であった．約1ヶ月の事前実践期間と約2ヶ月（10週間）の本実践期間を設定し，調整力の指標として1ヶ月毎に調整力フィールドテスト（ジグザグ走及び反復横跳び）を実施した．測定結果の前後比較については繰り返しのある一要因分散分析及びボンフェローニ法による多重比較検定を用いて分析を行い，値の変動についてはCohen’s dを用いて効果量を算出した．また，性別・月齢別の比較は繰り返しのないt検定を用いて統計的に分析した．本実践期間を通じてジグザグ走の記録には有意な向上が見られ （F3,42=22.2, p<0.05），効果量は0.56を示した．また反復横跳びにおいても同様に，記録の有意な向上が見られ （F3,42=27.2, p<0.05），効果量は0.71を示した．なお，男子が女子に比べ，4〜9月生まれ児が10〜3月生まれ児に比べ高値を示す傾向があったが，各回の測定において有意差は認められなかった．以上の結果から，約2ヶ月に渡るライントレーニングの実践は，幼児の調整力を有意に向上させたことが明らかになった．従って，保育現場における運動遊びの一環としてライントレーニングを導入することは，幼児の体力向上にとって有効であると言える．

Use of line training to improve five-year-old children's coordination skills
The continuous decline of children’s physical fitness, particularly their coordination skills, is a concern. Therefore, the coordination exercise called "line training" (the Japanese term for an exercise involving skipping or jumping to one side and forward, parallel to a line) was developed for 5-year-old children. The participants, 8 boys and 7 girls who were enrolled in classes for five-year-olds, completed a 1-month pre-training period, a 2-month training period, and exercise performance tests. Instruction in line training was provided by a physical educator once a week during the training period. The children were given two kinds of exercise performance tests every month：a zigzag run and a side step. The data were analyzed with a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, using a Bonferroni correction. During the training period, significant improvement was seen in the zigzag run（F3,42=22.2, p<0.05, ES=0.56）and side step（F3,42=27.2, p<0.05, ES=0.71). After 2 months of line training, these children's coordination ability significantly improved. Therefore, it may be effective to add line training to physical education in pre-schools and kindergartens, because it may improve the children’s physical fitness.

田方慎哉(福岡大学), 青柳領(福岡大学)，小牟礼育夫(福岡大学), 大山泰史(佐世保工専)

本研究は，テキストマイニングを用いてA大学が1部に復帰した要因を明らかにすることを目的とした．対象はA大学バスケットボール部の34名で，選手が自由記述方式により作成したレポートをテキストマイニングし、語句を抽出した．得られた語句は，χ2検定により頻度を分析し，コレスポンデンス分析を用いて布置を求めた．さらに，クラスター分析を用いてグルーピングをおこなった上で，指導者がもつ指導方針である「�@目標へ向かう方向性の一致」「�A守って走るスタイルの確立と円滑なゲームメイク」「�Bフィジカルの強化」との対応を検討した．結果，多くのレポートが，「昨年」と「今年」を比較する構成になっていた．つまり，指導者が新しいチームで指揮を執る際には，昨年と比較されることを受け入れる姿勢が必要である．さらに，指導方針である「3つの柱」と得られたクラスターについて，概ね一致していたが「�A守って走るスタイルの確立と円滑なゲームメイク」については，一致しないところもあり，指導上の改変の余地を残した．本研究の結果は一大学チームの事例報告の域を出ないが，この方法論の提案は今後もコーチング現場に根付いた，固有の有効な手法となる可能性があると言える.

Text mining using factor analysis: Regarding A-university's basketball team's return to Division I in the B-district basketball league
The present study used text mining to investigate factors relating to A-university’s basketball team’s return to Division I in the B-district university basketball league. The participants were the 34 members of A-university’s basketball team. After the league championship games were over, text mining was used to extract words from reports that the players on the team wrote reflecting on the basketball season, using a free-response format. Word frequencies were analyzed using chi-square tests, and correspondence analysis was conducted in order to obtain a configuration of the extracted words. In addition, grouping of words in the configuration was conducted using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results were then compared to the three mottoes that the team’s coach had advocated: (a) all members strive toward the same goal in the same way (Policy 1, P1), (b) establishment of the team style of quick offense after a strong defense and smooth game leading (Policy 2, P2), and (c) improvement of physical fitness (Policy 3, P3). The following findings were obtained: 1) Many of the players’ texts consisted of a comparison between last year and this year. This seems to indicate that when a new coach starts to direct a team, the coach needs to be able to accept criticism that compares the new coach with previous coaches. 2) The frequency of the use of the word “team” as the noun showing the participants’ interest and attention increased with the student’s year at the university. This may to be a characteristic of university student sports when seniors are winding up their athletic career. 3) In general, the factors relating to a return to Division I that were obtained in clusters of words in the configuration were matched with the coach’s three mottoes, except for Policy 2. Although the coach had obviously tried to convey this policy to the players, it did not appear to have spread throughout the team. Thus, there is room for improvement regarding this policy. Finally, although the results of the present study cannot be generalized beyond the scope of one university’s basketball team, the methodology may be useful and original for other coaching situations.

吉村浩一(金光藤蔭高等学校), 宍戸�髞V(大阪教育大学)

本研究では，体育授業のバスケットボールのゲームにおいてドリブル無しの4対4を取り入れ，5対5のゲームに移行しても，ボールを受けるために適切なポジションにとどまったり，移動したりすることができるといったボールを持たないときの動きをゲームパフォーマンスとして発揮できるかを明らかにすることを目的とした．高等学校1年女子(9クラス，91名)を対象にドリブル有り群( 5クラス，35名)とドリブル無し群(4クラス，56名)に分類し授業を行い，ゲームパフォーマンスについて比較し分析を行った．その結果，4対4ゲームでは， ドリブル有り群よりドリブル無し群のDMI(意思決定)，SEI(技能発揮)，GP(ゲームパフォーマンス)のスコアが高く，それぞれ有意差（p ＜.001）が認められた．SI(サポート)においても，有意差（p ＜.01）が認められた．また，その後の5対5ゲームでもドリブル有り群よりドリブル無し群のSEIとGPのスコアが高く，それぞれ有意差（p ＜.05）が認められた．以上から，ドリブル無しの4対4ゲームを実践することは，5対5のゲームに移行してもボールを持たないときの動きをゲームパフォーマンスとして発揮できる可能性がある．

Teaching basketball players how to move when not holding the ball: Effects of playing 4 on 4 games without dribbling
This study examined the possibility of that players’ improved performance in basketball when the players are not holding the ball and are staying in a suitable position or moving may generalize from 4 on 4 games without dribbling to 5 on 5 games. The participants, female high school students in the tenth grade (9 classes, 91 students), were split into two groups: (a) with dribbling (5 classes 35 students) and (b) without dribbling (4 classes, 56 students), in order to compare their performance. In the 4 on 4 games, the group that played without dribbling showed significantly higher scores (p <0.001) than the group that played with dribbling on Decision- making index (DMI), Skill execution index (SEI), and Game performance (GP). The group without dribbling also showed a significant difference (p <0.01) in Support index (SI). In subsequent 5 on 5 games, the group that had practiced without dribbling had significantly higher scores (p <0.05) on Skill execution index and Game performance. These results suggest that practicing 4 on 4 games without dribbling may improve performance while not holding the ball, and that this improvement may generalize to 5 on 5 games.

八板昭仁(九州共立大学)，青柳領(福岡大学)，大山泰史(佐世保工業高等専門学校)

バスケットボールのゲーム中のショットは，様々な要因の影響を受けながら試行されている．ペイントエリア内のショットは，試行頻度が高く，その成否がゲームの勝敗に及ぼす影響が大きいと考えられる．そこで，ゲーム中のショット状況を調査し，成否に影響する諸要因を検討し，ゲームにおけるペイントエリア内のショットの特徴を見出すことを目的とした．対象は，第66回全日本大学バスケットボール選手権大会の男子準々決勝以降の10試合とした．すべてのショットにおけるショットの成否と｢ゲーム状況｣，｢ショット試行｣，｢ショットに至る戦術｣，｢相手の防御状況｣の4つの要因に関する13項目を記録した．ショットの成否を目的変数，記録した13項目を説明変数として，ロジスティック回帰分析による複合的なショットの成否への影響要因を検討した．その結果，｢ショット試行エリア｣，｢ショットに結びついたプレイ｣，｢ディフェンダーのハンズアップ｣，｢被ファウルの有無｣，｢ディフェンダーとの身長差｣の5項目からなる回帰モデルが選択され，これらの項目が他の要因を考慮した上でショットの成否に影響する大きな要因であることが認められた．

Factors affecting successful shots in the paint areas in basketball games
The present study examined factors affecting successful shots in the paint area in basketball, in relation to shooting conditions. The participants were outstanding male university basketball players from all over Japan. The targeted plays were all the plays performed in 10 games after the quarter-finals of the 66th All-Japan Collegiate Basketball Championships. Counted in each play were whether or not shots were successful, and 13 items describing the shooting situation, which were tallied in the following categories: score difference, remaining seconds on the shot clock, area of shot attempts, shooting method, play leading to a shot, screen play or not, player movements before shooting, ball movements before shooting, shooter distance to defenders, defenders’ handwork, block shot, foul charged or not, and difference in height between the shooter and the defender. These were categorized in four factors: the game situation, shot attempts, strategies leading to a shot, and the opponent’s defense situation. Compound factors affecting successful shots were investigated by a stepwise variable selection method in a logistic regression analysis, using whether or not a shot was successful as the dependent variable, and the 13 items as independent variables. The regression model chosen consisted of five items relating to the following: area of shot attempts, play leading to a shot, defenders’ handwork, foul charged or not, and difference in height between the shooter and the defender. The results indicated that these five items were always involved in successful shots, even when the influence of the other items was held constant. In those instances in which the expectation of a successful shot as computed by the obtained regression formula was low, it is possible that the decision-making ability corresponding to a player’s shooting ability is important. On the other hand, in those instances in which the expectation of a successful shot was high, it is possible that a player could perform a successful shot corresponding to a high expectation of success. Coaches should nurture skills and team strategies to increase the number of successful shots based on their understanding of players’ difficulties according to the various shooting situations examined in the present study.

野村慧介(鹿屋体育大学)，高橋仁大(鹿屋体育大学)，三浦健(鹿屋体育大学)，片桐章光(日本経済大学)，岡村修平(鹿屋体育大学)，柏木涼吾(鹿屋体育大学)，木葉一総(鹿屋体育大学)

バスケットボールにおいて，オフェンスリバウンド(OR)は非常に重要な要素である．しかし，ORに関する具体的な方法や人数を明らかにした研究は，ほとんど報告されていない．現場の指導においても，コーチから「オフェンスリバウンドに行け．」と言った曖昧な指導がされており，具体的な指示が出されていないのが現状である．筆者は，ORを獲得するために，OR に参加する人数を増やすことによって，OR獲得率が向上するのではないかと考えた．しかし，OR参加人数を増やすことにより，相手チームの速攻や自チームのファウルが増えることも考えられる．これらのリスクを踏まえた上で，検討していった．X地区に所属しているA大学とB大学の全20試合を分析した結果，OR参加人数は，3人あるいは4人が有効であることが示唆された．

Optimal number of players participating in offensive rebounds in basketball
Offensive rebounds (OR) are a very important technique in basketball. However, the present authors found almost no reports on the method or the number of players involved. Even at coaching sites, only a vague instruction is given that players should make offensive rebounds, without a clear explanation. The present study was based on the hypothesis that an increasing rate of offensive rebounds would result if the number of players participating in offensive rebounds were larger. However, there is a risk that the increase in the number of players engaged in offensive rebounds may result in a quick offensive play by the opponent team and increase the risk that one’s own team might commit fouls. Those risks were taken into account in this study. Analysis of 20 matches between A university and B university belonging to X district showed that the effective number of players engaged in offensive rebounds is 3 or 4.