甲斐智大(鹿屋体育大学)，堀尾郷介(鹿屋体育大学)，青木竜(鹿屋体育大学)，高井洋平(鹿屋体育大学)

海外のプロサッカーチームでは，Global positioning system（GPS）等を用いてTime-motion分析を行い，試合時の選手の移動距離を定量している．それにより得られるデータは，トレーニングプログラムを計画するために役立つ．本研究では，大学サッカー選手に試合時のGPSデータをフィードバックし，選手の試合時の動きが改善された事例を報告する．大学男子サッカー選手を対象に，公式戦における選手の移動軌跡，総移動距離，速度帯域別の移動距離，高強度での移動が行われた位置とその方向を，GPSで計測した位置座標データから算出した．毎試合後に，各選手にチームおよび個々の課題が記されたシートをフィードバックした．大学サッカー選手の移動距離はシーズンを通じてあまり変化がなかった．一方で，フィードバックを通じて，フォワードの選手の高強度での移動の出現位置と方向が，プロ選手と類似したものとなり，その選手の得点数はシーズン後半で増加した．以上のことから，我々のGPSデータのフィードバックは，大学サッカー選手の試合時の移動を質的に改善し得ることが示された．

Feedback aimed at improving players’ movements during soccer games: A case study of male collegiate players
In international professional soccer teams, data on the players’movements during games is collected by means of a global positioning system (GPS), and the data are then analyzed with time-motion analysis. Information on the distance covered during a game can be useful for designing regular training programs. This study revealed that feedback can be useful for improving players’ movement during soccer games. The x- and y-coordinates were measured with GPS during the official games of one university soccer team throughout two seasons. The players’ trajectory, total distance covered, and distance covered in each velocity zone which are divided into 6 categories, and their location and the direction in which they moved at high-intensity were calculated from the obtained coordinates. After every game, feedback sheets that presented these data were given to each player. The distance covered at high-intensity and the percentage of high intensity movement in the total distance covered did not change through the season in the collegiate players. For the offensive players, however, the direction and location of high-intensity running improved qualitatively during the season, whereas no change in total running distance or high-intensity running distance was found. The offensive players scored more in the second half of the season than in the first half. The present results suggest that feedback using GPS data may assist players’ movements during games.

細川賢司(花園大学), 佐藤哲史(Sports Multiply)

現在，幼児の体力は長期的な低下傾向を示しており，特に調整力の未発達が懸念されている．そこで本研究では，保育現場における利便性・実用性に優れたコーディネーション運動として「ライントレーニング（佐藤，2015）」に着目し，5歳児を対象にその効果を検証した．対象は，兵庫県の私立保育所に在籍する5歳児クラス15名（男子8名，女子7名）であった．約1ヶ月の事前実践期間と約2ヶ月（10週間）の本実践期間を設定し，調整力の指標として1ヶ月毎に調整力フィールドテスト（ジグザグ走及び反復横跳び）を実施した．測定結果の前後比較については繰り返しのある一要因分散分析及びボンフェローニ法による多重比較検定を用いて分析を行い，値の変動についてはCohen’s dを用いて効果量を算出した．また，性別・月齢別の比較は繰り返しのないt検定を用いて統計的に分析した．本実践期間を通じてジグザグ走の記録には有意な向上が見られ （F3,42=22.2, p<0.05），効果量は0.56を示した．また反復横跳びにおいても同様に，記録の有意な向上が見られ （F3,42=27.2, p<0.05），効果量は0.71を示した．なお，男子が女子に比べ，4〜9月生まれ児が10〜3月生まれ児に比べ高値を示す傾向があったが，各回の測定において有意差は認められなかった．以上の結果から，約2ヶ月に渡るライントレーニングの実践は，幼児の調整力を有意に向上させたことが明らかになった．従って，保育現場における運動遊びの一環としてライントレーニングを導入することは，幼児の体力向上にとって有効であると言える．

Use of line training to improve five-year-old children's coordination skills
The continuous decline of children’s physical fitness, particularly their coordination skills, is a concern. Therefore, the coordination exercise called "line training" (the Japanese term for an exercise involving skipping or jumping to one side and forward, parallel to a line) was developed for 5-year-old children. The participants, 8 boys and 7 girls who were enrolled in classes for five-year-olds, completed a 1-month pre-training period, a 2-month training period, and exercise performance tests. Instruction in line training was provided by a physical educator once a week during the training period. The children were given two kinds of exercise performance tests every month：a zigzag run and a side step. The data were analyzed with a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, using a Bonferroni correction. During the training period, significant improvement was seen in the zigzag run（F3,42=22.2, p<0.05, ES=0.56）and side step（F3,42=27.2, p<0.05, ES=0.71). After 2 months of line training, these children's coordination ability significantly improved. Therefore, it may be effective to add line training to physical education in pre-schools and kindergartens, because it may improve the children’s physical fitness.

田方慎哉(福岡大学), 青柳領(福岡大学)，小牟礼育夫(福岡大学), 大山泰史(佐世保工専)

本研究は，テキストマイニングを用いてA大学が1部に復帰した要因を明らかにすることを目的とした．対象はA大学バスケットボール部の34名で，選手が自由記述方式により作成したレポートをテキストマイニングし、語句を抽出した．得られた語句は，χ2検定により頻度を分析し，コレスポンデンス分析を用いて布置を求めた．さらに，クラスター分析を用いてグルーピングをおこなった上で，指導者がもつ指導方針である「�@目標へ向かう方向性の一致」「�A守って走るスタイルの確立と円滑なゲームメイク」「�Bフィジカルの強化」との対応を検討した．結果，多くのレポートが，「昨年」と「今年」を比較する構成になっていた．つまり，指導者が新しいチームで指揮を執る際には，昨年と比較されることを受け入れる姿勢が必要である．さらに，指導方針である「3つの柱」と得られたクラスターについて，概ね一致していたが「�A守って走るスタイルの確立と円滑なゲームメイク」については，一致しないところもあり，指導上の改変の余地を残した．本研究の結果は一大学チームの事例報告の域を出ないが，この方法論の提案は今後もコーチング現場に根付いた，固有の有効な手法となる可能性があると言える.

Text mining using factor analysis: Regarding A-university's basketball team's return to Division I in the B-district basketball league
The present study used text mining to investigate factors relating to A-university’s basketball team’s return to Division I in the B-district university basketball league. The participants were the 34 members of A-university’s basketball team. After the league championship games were over, text mining was used to extract words from reports that the players on the team wrote reflecting on the basketball season, using a free-response format. Word frequencies were analyzed using chi-square tests, and correspondence analysis was conducted in order to obtain a configuration of the extracted words. In addition, grouping of words in the configuration was conducted using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results were then compared to the three mottoes that the team’s coach had advocated: (a) all members strive toward the same goal in the same way (Policy 1, P1), (b) establishment of the team style of quick offense after a strong defense and smooth game leading (Policy 2, P2), and (c) improvement of physical fitness (Policy 3, P3). The following findings were obtained: 1) Many of the players’ texts consisted of a comparison between last year and this year. This seems to indicate that when a new coach starts to direct a team, the coach needs to be able to accept criticism that compares the new coach with previous coaches. 2) The frequency of the use of the word “team” as the noun showing the participants’ interest and attention increased with the student’s year at the university. This may to be a characteristic of university student sports when seniors are winding up their athletic career. 3) In general, the factors relating to a return to Division I that were obtained in clusters of words in the configuration were matched with the coach’s three mottoes, except for Policy 2. Although the coach had obviously tried to convey this policy to the players, it did not appear to have spread throughout the team. Thus, there is room for improvement regarding this policy. Finally, although the results of the present study cannot be generalized beyond the scope of one university’s basketball team, the methodology may be useful and original for other coaching situations.

吉村浩一(金光藤蔭高等学校), 宍戸�髞V(大阪教育大学)

本研究では，体育授業のバスケットボールのゲームにおいてドリブル無しの4対4を取り入れ，5対5のゲームに移行しても，ボールを受けるために適切なポジションにとどまったり，移動したりすることができるといったボールを持たないときの動きをゲームパフォーマンスとして発揮できるかを明らかにすることを目的とした．高等学校1年女子(9クラス，91名)を対象にドリブル有り群( 5クラス，35名)とドリブル無し群(4クラス，56名)に分類し授業を行い，ゲームパフォーマンスについて比較し分析を行った．その結果，4対4ゲームでは， ドリブル有り群よりドリブル無し群のDMI(意思決定)，SEI(技能発揮)，GP(ゲームパフォーマンス)のスコアが高く，それぞれ有意差（p ＜.001）が認められた．SI(サポート)においても，有意差（p ＜.01）が認められた．また，その後の5対5ゲームでもドリブル有り群よりドリブル無し群のSEIとGPのスコアが高く，それぞれ有意差（p ＜.05）が認められた．以上から，ドリブル無しの4対4ゲームを実践することは，5対5のゲームに移行してもボールを持たないときの動きをゲームパフォーマンスとして発揮できる可能性がある．

Teaching basketball players how to move when not holding the ball: Effects of playing 4 on 4 games without dribbling
This study examined the possibility of that players’ improved performance in basketball when the players are not holding the ball and are staying in a suitable position or moving may generalize from 4 on 4 games without dribbling to 5 on 5 games. The participants, female high school students in the tenth grade (9 classes, 91 students), were split into two groups: (a) with dribbling (5 classes 35 students) and (b) without dribbling (4 classes, 56 students), in order to compare their performance. In the 4 on 4 games, the group that played without dribbling showed significantly higher scores (p <0.001) than the group that played with dribbling on Decision- making index (DMI), Skill execution index (SEI), and Game performance (GP). The group without dribbling also showed a significant difference (p <0.01) in Support index (SI). In subsequent 5 on 5 games, the group that had practiced without dribbling had significantly higher scores (p <0.05) on Skill execution index and Game performance. These results suggest that practicing 4 on 4 games without dribbling may improve performance while not holding the ball, and that this improvement may generalize to 5 on 5 games.

八板昭仁(九州共立大学)，青柳領(福岡大学)，大山泰史(佐世保工業高等専門学校)

バスケットボールのゲーム中のショットは，様々な要因の影響を受けながら試行されている．ペイントエリア内のショットは，試行頻度が高く，その成否がゲームの勝敗に及ぼす影響が大きいと考えられる．そこで，ゲーム中のショット状況を調査し，成否に影響する諸要因を検討し，ゲームにおけるペイントエリア内のショットの特徴を見出すことを目的とした．対象は，第66回全日本大学バスケットボール選手権大会の男子準々決勝以降の10試合とした．すべてのショットにおけるショットの成否と｢ゲーム状況｣，｢ショット試行｣，｢ショットに至る戦術｣，｢相手の防御状況｣の4つの要因に関する13項目を記録した．ショットの成否を目的変数，記録した13項目を説明変数として，ロジスティック回帰分析による複合的なショットの成否への影響要因を検討した．その結果，｢ショット試行エリア｣，｢ショットに結びついたプレイ｣，｢ディフェンダーのハンズアップ｣，｢被ファウルの有無｣，｢ディフェンダーとの身長差｣の5項目からなる回帰モデルが選択され，これらの項目が他の要因を考慮した上でショットの成否に影響する大きな要因であることが認められた．

Factors affecting successful shots in the paint areas in basketball games
The present study examined factors affecting successful shots in the paint area in basketball, in relation to shooting conditions. The participants were outstanding male university basketball players from all over Japan. The targeted plays were all the plays performed in 10 games after the quarter-finals of the 66th All-Japan Collegiate Basketball Championships. Counted in each play were whether or not shots were successful, and 13 items describing the shooting situation, which were tallied in the following categories: score difference, remaining seconds on the shot clock, area of shot attempts, shooting method, play leading to a shot, screen play or not, player movements before shooting, ball movements before shooting, shooter distance to defenders, defenders’ handwork, block shot, foul charged or not, and difference in height between the shooter and the defender. These were categorized in four factors: the game situation, shot attempts, strategies leading to a shot, and the opponent’s defense situation. Compound factors affecting successful shots were investigated by a stepwise variable selection method in a logistic regression analysis, using whether or not a shot was successful as the dependent variable, and the 13 items as independent variables. The regression model chosen consisted of five items relating to the following: area of shot attempts, play leading to a shot, defenders’ handwork, foul charged or not, and difference in height between the shooter and the defender. The results indicated that these five items were always involved in successful shots, even when the influence of the other items was held constant. In those instances in which the expectation of a successful shot as computed by the obtained regression formula was low, it is possible that the decision-making ability corresponding to a player’s shooting ability is important. On the other hand, in those instances in which the expectation of a successful shot was high, it is possible that a player could perform a successful shot corresponding to a high expectation of success. Coaches should nurture skills and team strategies to increase the number of successful shots based on their understanding of players’ difficulties according to the various shooting situations examined in the present study.

野村慧介(鹿屋体育大学)，高橋仁大(鹿屋体育大学)，三浦健(鹿屋体育大学)，片桐章光(日本経済大学)，岡村修平(鹿屋体育大学)，柏木涼吾(鹿屋体育大学)，木葉一総(鹿屋体育大学)

バスケットボールにおいて，オフェンスリバウンド(OR)は非常に重要な要素である．しかし，ORに関する具体的な方法や人数を明らかにした研究は，ほとんど報告されていない．現場の指導においても，コーチから「オフェンスリバウンドに行け．」と言った曖昧な指導がされており，具体的な指示が出されていないのが現状である．筆者は，ORを獲得するために，OR に参加する人数を増やすことによって，OR獲得率が向上するのではないかと考えた．しかし，OR参加人数を増やすことにより，相手チームの速攻や自チームのファウルが増えることも考えられる．これらのリスクを踏まえた上で，検討していった．X地区に所属しているA大学とB大学の全20試合を分析した結果，OR参加人数は，3人あるいは4人が有効であることが示唆された．

Optimal number of players participating in offensive rebounds in basketball
Offensive rebounds (OR) are a very important technique in basketball. However, the present authors found almost no reports on the method or the number of players involved. Even at coaching sites, only a vague instruction is given that players should make offensive rebounds, without a clear explanation. The present study was based on the hypothesis that an increasing rate of offensive rebounds would result if the number of players participating in offensive rebounds were larger. However, there is a risk that the increase in the number of players engaged in offensive rebounds may result in a quick offensive play by the opponent team and increase the risk that one’s own team might commit fouls. Those risks were taken into account in this study. Analysis of 20 matches between A university and B university belonging to X district showed that the effective number of players engaged in offensive rebounds is 3 or 4.

佐藤雄太(鹿屋体育大学), 森寿仁(立命館大学), 小山田和行(鹿屋体育大学), 藤田英二(鹿屋体育大学), 山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

柔道選手に必要とされる持久力を向上させるために，自転車エルゴメーターを用いた高強度インターバルトレーニングが有効かについて，14名の大学生柔道選手を対象にクロスオーバー法で検討した．トレーニング群は通常の柔道練習のほかに，5秒の全力運動を10秒の休息をはさんで10セット行う運動（Repeated Sprint: RS）を，1日2セッション，週3回の頻度で，3週間（合計18セッション）行った．一方，対照群では通常の柔道練習のみを行った．介入期間の前後で，RSを体力テストとして実施した結果，柔道競技の持久力と関連があると報告されている終盤3回の発揮パワーの平均値が，介入群のみで有意に増加していた．また，柔道の専門的動作による持久力の指標とした30秒間の打ち込みテストの回数についても，介入群でのみ有意に向上していた．以上の結果から，本トレーニングは柔道選手の補助トレーニングとして有用であることが示唆された．

Supplemental high intensity interval training using a bicycle ergometer improves endurance capacity required in judo
The present study investigated effectiveness of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with a bicycle ergometer for improving the endurance capacity of judoka in judo competitions. The participants were 14 university judoka; the results were analyzed using a cross-over method. The intervention group engaged in Repeated Sprints (RS), which was 10 x 5-s repeated maximal sprints with a 10-s rest period between sprints, in addition to ordinary judo training. The Repeated Sprints were conducted twice a day, three times a week, for 3 weeks, for a total of 18 times. The non-intervention group only engaged in ordinary judo training. Before and after the intervention period, Repeated Sprints were performed as a test of physical fitness. The results indicated that the average power of the last three sets, which was reported to be related to endurance capacity in judo, increased significantly only in the intervention group. Results on a 30-second uchikomi test, which is an index of endurance capacity especially for motions used in judo, also improved significantly only in the intervention group. These results suggest that this training method would be useful as supplemental training for judoka.

原村未来(国立スポーツ科学センター)，高井洋平(鹿屋体育大学)，吉本隆哉(国立スポーツ科学センター)，中谷深友紀(鹿屋体育大学)，藤田英二(鹿屋体育大学)，山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究では，学校現場で小・中学生が自体重負荷を利用した短時間の運動の継続により，持久力を改善することが可能かを検討することを目的とした．はじめに，数分間の下肢の屈曲伸展を伴う自体重負荷運動について，ジャンプ動作を含まない運動 (以下，レジスタンス運動) とジャンプ動作を含む運動 (以下，ジャンプ運動) で生理学的な負荷特性を定量した．次いで，生理学的な負荷特性の高い運動を選択して継続的なトレーニングを行わせることで，子どもの持久力の改善に効果がみられるのかを明らかにしたいと考えた．対象者は，5分間のレジスタンス運動およびジャンプ運動を行った．運動時の生理的負荷を定量するために，心拍計で心拍数を測定した．運動中の心拍数は，推定最大心拍数に対する相対値（%HRmax）で示した．その結果，ジャンプ運動時の%HRmax (68.6 ± 5.0%) は，レジスタンス運動時のそれ (63.8 ± 5.5%) よりも有意に高かった．次に，20週間のジャンプ運動トレーニング (週5回，1日5分) を行った結果，ジャンプ運動プログラム後半における%HRmaxの上昇が抑えられ，また20mシャトルランの成績が改善した．このことから，小・中学生における5分間のジャンプ運動トレーニングは，全身持久力を改善する可能性のあることが明らかにされた．

Effects of body mass-based jump training on aerobic capacity in male elementary and junior high school children
The present study aimed to quantify physiological load during body-mass-based resistance and jump exercises and to elucidate effects of body-mass-based jump training on the physiological load and scores of a 20-m shuttle-run test done for elementary and junior high school boys. The participants performed body-mass-based resistance exercises or jump exercises for 5 min, and body-mass-based jump training for 20 weeks (5times/week). Their heart rate (HR) during each exercise was measured with a heart rate monitor to be able to quantify the physiological load. HR during each exercise was normalized to the estimated maximum HR (%HRmax). The %HRmax measure was significantly higher in the jump exercise (68.6 ± 5.0%HRmax) than in the resistance exercise (63.8 ± 5.5%HRmax). After the 20-wk jump training program, the increase in the %HRmax in the latter half of the exercise program was attenuated, and the scores of a 20-m shuttle run test were improved. These findings suggest that body-mass-based resistance and jump exercise programs provide a moderate physiological load, and the jump training attenuates increase in physiological load in the latter half of an exercise program, and that scores of a 20 m shuttle run test may improve after this training.

森寿仁(立命館大学), 濱田幸二(鹿屋体育大学), 坂中美郷(鹿屋体育大学), 礒野祐輔(鹿屋体育大学), 山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究では，バレーボール競技の指導者が主観的に把握しているスパイクジャンプの動作フォームを，visual analog scale(VAS)を用いて定量的に評価することを試みた．また，その評価結果を選手にフィードバックすることで跳躍高の改善が起こるかについても検討した． 大学男子バレーボール選手9名を対象に最大努力での跳躍を実施させ，その映像を2名の指導者が見てその動作のできばえをVASを用いて評価した．評価は，助走から踏み込み時のフォームに関して6項目に要素分けをした上で行った．その結果，相対値として見た場合に，6項目の要素のうち3項目で，両評価者の評価は一致していた．また，これらの評価値とスパイクジャンプの跳躍高との間にも高い相関関係がみられた．次に，6名の選手を対象に，各自の弱点を改善するための1週間の自主トレーニングを行わせた．その結果，2名の選手で跳躍高が大きく改善した． したがって，本研究のVASを用いた評価手法は，大学生レベルのバレーボール選手において，跳躍動作の弱点を可視化できる可能性があり，それを活用することで短期間での跳躍技能の改善による跳躍高の向上にもつながる場合があることが示唆された．

Using a visual analog scale for quantitative evaluation of spike jumping form in volleyball: Aiming at improved performance
In the present study, a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to do a quantitative evaluation of volleyball players’ movements when doing a spike jump, which had previously been evaluated subjectively by coaches, and the effectiveness of giving players feedback on the height of their jumps was tested. The participants were 9 male university volleyball players who were instructed to jump as high as possible. Two coaches watched a movie of the jumps and evaluated 6 elements of jumping form, from approach to take-off, using VAS. The results indicated that, on 3 of the 6 elements, the relative evaluation of the two coaches agreed. Also a significant correlation was observed between the evaluation results and the players’ jumping heights. Next, for one week, 6 of the players did independent training aimed at counteracting their weaknesses. After that, two of the six players showed a large improvement in jumping height. These results suggest that the evaluation method using VAS may make it possible to visualize weak points in the jumping movements of university volleyball players, and to improve jumping height in a short period.

青柳唯(鹿屋体育大学)，金高宏文(鹿屋体育大学)，小森大輔(鹿屋体育大学)，加藤忠彦(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は，ある女子棒高跳競技者が3.60ｍから3.80ｍまで記録を伸ばしたパフォーマンスの向上に関する基礎的要因について分析・検討した．また，実施者における実際の取組期間内での動作変化を導いた動作意識と合わせることでより実践的な知見が得られると考えた． その結果，女子競技者はポール最大湾曲率を16％から26％へと変化させることで，より高い最大重心高を獲得していた．そして，ポール最大湾曲率には，女子競技者において跳躍角と，右手を中心とした身体重心の振る舞いや右肩を中心とした胴体の振る舞いが関係していた．この時，跳ぶ出す方向や左腕の運動意識とも大きく関連していた．具体的には，踏切離地時にできるだけ低い跳び出しと踏切・フォロースルー動作時の左腕を突っ張らないことであった．

Take-off and follow-through movement leading to different pole bending rates in university women’s pole vaulter: Through action improvement and motion analysis
The present study analyzed the fundamental factors of the improvement of performance and training for a university female pole vaulter who improved her record 3.60m to 3.80m. The motion of pole vaulting was analyzed, and it was compared with changes in the intentions of movement during the period of training. The results were as follows: The female pole vaulter acquired higher the center of gravity (CG) height by changing ratio of maximal pole bending (MPB) 16% to 26%. MPB was significantly correlated with takeoff angle (r=-0.769, p<0.1) .CG motion around right hand and trunk motion around right shoulder also affected to MPB．Those motions were correlated with intentions of movements on takeoff angle and the left arm. In addition, getting low takeoff angle was important to change intentions of movements of left hand in takeoff and follow through phases. These observations suggest that it is to jumping out at the takeoff angle as low as possible at the time of takeoff and not to stick the left arm at the time of follow through operation.