本研究は，三段跳を専門とする大学男子競技者（H競技者）が「積極的着地」を習得し，競技記録を向上させた約5ヶ月間の取り組みについて，運動の意識や感じ，運動フォームや記録の変化から，その実用性や妥当性を検討した事例研究である．H競技者は，「積極的着地」を習得していると考えられる一流競技者の運動フォームを参考に，ホップ動作を「ホップ空中時の姿勢」，「タメ」，「積極的着地」という3つの要素へと分節化してとらえるとともに，それらを段階的に身に付け「積極的着地」を習得する5つの練習方法を考案し，実施した．取り組みの結果，H競技者は「積極的着地」を習得し，自己最高記録を14.71m (+0.4) から15.48m (+1.8) へ向上することができた．メンバーチェック等を含めた俯瞰的分析より，本研究で取り組んだ多くの練習は，「積極的着地」を導き出す手段の一つとなる可能性が示された．

Acquisition of an active landing technique in the step phase of the triple jump: A jumper who, despite heel pain, improved his record from 14.71 m to 15.48 m
The present study examined the practicality and validity of training exercises done by a male university triple jumper (jumper H) with the goal of his having an improved active landing technique. Measures included his scores in competition, changes in his consciousness and awareness of his movements, and his form. The form of a top-class jumper who had mastered an active landing technique was analyzed, segmenting it into 3 elements: posture in the air at the hop, maintaining (tame), and an active landing. These elements were then used to develop 5 training exercises aimed at the acquisition of an active landing technique. After practicing these training exercises for 5 months, jumper H acquired an active landing technique and succeeded in improving his best record from 14.71 m (+0.4) to 15.48 m (+1.8). These results suggest that these exercises may be a way to train jumpers to have an active landing technique.

本研究は1500mTT走において1人走と2人走の違いがパフォーマンス，ペース，および，生理的応答や心理的状態に与える影響を検証することを目的とした．被験者は習慣的にレクリエーションとしてランニングを行っている男子大学生・院生の6名であった．被験者は400mトラックで1500mTT走を1人走と2人走で各7回ずつ行った．その結果，ライバルが存在する2人走の1500mTT走の記録は1人走のそれに比べ5.9秒（2.1%）有意に速くなった（p<0.05）．しかし，両者の1500mTT走フィニッシュ時の最高心拍数（HRmax），ピーク血中乳酸濃度（peakBLa）及び主観的運動強度（RPE）に有意な差が認められなかった．1500mTT走のw-up前の二次元気尺度（TDMS）の活性度は2人走が1人走よりも有意に高かった（p<0.05）．従って，2人走で競争しながら1500mTT走を行うことは1人走よりも記録を高め，その原因の1つが生理的変動よりも走る前の活性度（やる気度）の高まりに負うことが考えられる．すなわち，競争相手（ライバル）がいる（2人走）場合はいない場合（1人走）に比べ，高い外因性の動機づけが生じることを示唆した．

Influences of absence (solo) and presence (head-to-head competition) of a competitor on psychological factors, overall running performance, and pacing during 1500-m runs
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze possible influences of the absence (solo) and presence (head-to-head competition; HHC) of a competitor during 1,500-m-runs on runners’ overall performance, pacing, physiological responses, and psychological condition. Method: The participants, six male runners, ran 1,500 meters on a 400-meter running track, and their runs were timed. Each of them ran alone and also in competition with another participant (head-to-head competition). Results: The run times when runners were competing with another runner were 5.9 seconds faster (2.1%) than when they ran alone (p<0.05). Immediately after the runs, no significant differences were found in the following physiological parameters: maximum heart rate (HRmax), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak blood lactate (peakBLa), and rated perceived exertion (RPE). However, before the runs, the level of activity of an index included in the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale (TDMS) was significantly higher when runners were going to compete against another runner (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although the runners’psychological condition changed, as indicated by their responses on the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale, in that they perceived that their performance would be improved by the presence of a competitor, their physiological responses were not significantly different when they were running alone compared to when they ran with a competitor. These findings suggest that presence of a competitor may have been sufficient for generating a higher level of motivation than when running alone in the absence of a competitor.

標的をめがけて正確に物体を投射する課題は多くのスポーツで要求される．そのため，個人に応じた至適な投射角とスピードの組み合わせを具体的に提示することは，競技力向上に有益である．本研究では，個人の特性に応じた結果に対してロバストな投射パラメータを推定する方法を提案することを目的とした．具体的には，個人の動作のばらつきを測定して個人のばらつきを確率密度関数で表現し，個人のばらつきを考慮した投射シミュレータを構築した．次に，投射シミュレータを用いて最適化計算によって投射パラメータの最適解を求める．提案した手法の妥当性を確認するために，1名の熟練者のフリースロー課題から得たデータに適用したところ，概ね被験者のシュート成功率が再現された．本手法を応用することで，個人に合わせた至適な投射パラメータの組み合わせを具体的に提示するだけでなく，克服すべき課題が投射パラメータのばらつきの減少にあるか，パラメータの組み合わせを変えることにあるかを提示するなど，より具体的な個別フィードバックを提示することが期待できる．

Method for estimation of robust release parameters that takes individual variability into account
Many sports require athletes to release an object accurately toward a target. For that reason, it is useful to suggest to individual players an optimal combination of releasing angle and speed in order to improve competitive power. The present study proposes a method of estimating robust release parameters that meet individual players’ characteristics. Specifically, the variation of individuals’ motions was measured and expressed as a probability density function, and a release simulator was created taking into account the variation across individuals. Next, the release simulator was used to calculate the optimal solution for the release parameter. In order to examine the validity of this method, it was applied to the free throw data of an experienced basketball player. The results of this simulation confirmed that the success rate of his shots was roughly reproducible. This method not only suggests an optimal combination of release parameters, but also identifies individual-specific problems that need to be overcome, such as a decreasing variation in the release parameter or a changing combination of parameters.

テニスにおいてサーバーが優位であるということは多くの先行研究が支持しているが，一方で女子選手におけるサーバーの優位性は男子選手に比べて小さいことも指摘されている．そこで，本研究ではWTAランキング100位以内の女子選手のサービスのスタッツとパフォーマンスの関係を検討することを目的とした．WTAランキング100位以内の選手のサービスに関する各スタッツとパフォーマンスの関係を比較した結果，1試合あたりのダブルフォルトの数はキープ率と関係なく，1stサービスが入った際のポイント取得率がパフォーマンスに大きく影響していた．また，1試合あたりのエース数は1stサービスが入った際のポイント取得率と強い相関が認められた．これらの結果から，近年のWTAランキングトップ100位の選手では，1stサービスを攻撃に結び付けることが重要であり，1stサービスでアドバンテージを獲得することを目的とし，ある程度のリスクを許容して強いサービスを選択していると推察される．また，エース数などは容易に測定できることから，本研究の結果は選手のサービスゲームの目標値を設定することにも有用であろう．

Trends in the top 100 players' serves in the 2018 Women's Tennis Association tournaments
The results of many published studies have supported the generalization that the server is always has an advantage over the receiver in tennis, but some research has suggested that this advantage is less in women’s than in men’s tennis. However, the present study examined the relationship between service statistics and the performance of only women tennis players, specifically players who ranked in the top 100 in recent Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) rankings. Analysis of the data suggested that the number of double faults per game was not related to the service games won percentage, but rather that the scoring rate on the first serve has a substantial effect on performance. Further, the number of aces served per game correlated strongly with the scoring rate on the first serve. These results suggest that, in these top women players, it was very important to have an offensive first serve in order to get an advantage, even though there are risks. Because the number of aces can be counted easily, the conclusions from the present study may suggest a useful target for players' serves.

大学生の女子バスケットボール選手9名を対象に，体力・技術を客観的に評価する13項目のテストを行った．加えて，競技場面で求められる体力・技術の達成度についての主観的な評価項目を14種類設定し，それぞれを10段階で評価した．そして両者を関連づけて，各選手の課題をフィードバックし，8ヶ月間の取り組みを行った後に再評価を行った．その結果，チーム全体で改善に取り組んだ持久力には向上がみられたが，個人に取り組みを委ねた項目では改善した者としない者とがみられた．10段階で主観評価を行うことの信頼性を検討するために，指導者による評価と学生による評価とを比較した結果，一致度は高く，一定の信頼性があることが窺えた．主観的な評価項目と，それに対応すると考えられる客観的な評価項目との間には，ほとんどでr=0.7〜0.8程度の相関が認められたが，相関図でそのばらつきの状況を見ることで，各選手の特性をより適確に評価できると考えられた．以上を考察した結果，本手法には今後さらに改善すべき点は残されているものの，選手が抱えている課題を可視化し，競技力向上の示唆を得る上で有効な手法になり得ると考えられた．

Method aimed at improving the competitive skill of university female basketball players by using subjective and objective evaluations
In the present study, 9 university female basketball players were tested on 13 items objectively evaluating physical fitness and technical skills, as well as 14 subjective items intended to evaluate on a 10-level scale the ratio of achievement of physical and technical abilities that are required in basketball games. The results were combined and fed back to each player and re-evaluated after practice for 8 months. The results suggests that the endurance of all members of the team improved through conscious effort, but the extent of personal improvement of other physical or technical skills differed across players due to leaving the task of improvement up to the players' discretion. In order to assess the reliability of the subjective evaluation method, coaches’ evaluations were compared with those made by the players. In many ways, they agreed, and so the method was judged to be fairly reliable. Because the subjective and objective evaluations were found to be correlated (r=0.7-0.8), a correlation diagram was created to provide a more accurate evaluation of each player's characteristics. Those results suggested that the present method, albeit with some room for improvement, may be a useful way to visualize each player's characteristics and may provide hints for improving the players’competitiveness.

日本男子バスケットボール界の最高峰リーグの1つであった、NBLに所属する12チームによる2013-2014年のレギュラーシーズン全324ゲームを対象に、独自に考案した方法を用いて、バスケットボール競技におけるゲーム時のフィールド・ゴール（FG：3ポイントシュート（3p）＋2ポイントシュート（2p））、3p、2p、およびフリースロー（FT）成功率についての新基準値を以下のように設定し、この意義について検討した．その結果、新基準値�@（チームが勝利するためにプレイヤーが貢献できるシュートの成功率の最低ライン）は、FGが43%、3pが38%、2pが52%、FT 76％であった．また、新基準値�A（チームにとってプレイヤーが最低限の役割を果たすシュート成功率のライン）は、FGが 43%（新基準値�@と重複）、3pが 32%、2p が49%、およびFTが 63%であった．これらの基準値、特に新基準値�Aでは、高校や大学、および一般等のバスケットボール選手にとって、日本のトップリーグのゲーム時の得点方法別のシュート成功率の基準値が“目指せる範囲にあるだろう”と考え、彼らが試合に出場してシュートを放つ上での達成可能な目標値となる可能性があると考えられる．また、ゲームを采配するコーチにとっても、プレイヤーを評価する一指標となるのではないかと考えられる．

New standards for shot success rate in basketball games based on a point-gaining method: Developed from statistics of games in the Japan top men’s league
The present study proposes a new standard for basketball games, based on the success rate of field goals (FG: 3-point shots (3p) + 2-point shots (2p)), 3p, 2p, and free throws (FT) obtained from 324 basketball games played in 2013-2014 by the 12 teams belonging to the National Basketball League (NBL), which is the top men’s basketball league in Japan. From this analysis, two new standards were developed. New standard #1 for the minimum shot success rate required in the evaluation of each player’s contribution for winning the game is 43% for FG, 38% for 3p, 52% for 2p and 76% for FT. New standard #2 for the shot success rate required for each player to make minimum contribution is 43% for FG, 32% for 3p, 49% for 2p, and 63% for FT. These new standards, particularly new standard #2, are considered to be attainable targets for high school, university, and general basketball players. The standards will also be used by coaches to evaluate players.

本研究では，剣道における踏み込み音の違いが，打突における強さと冴えの評価に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした．そのために，踏み込み音を可変した映像資料を用いて，一対比較法による評価テストを実施した．その結果，異なる踏み込み方による音の違いおよびその音量は，冴えや強度の評価に影響を及ぼすことが明らかとなった．以上のことから，打突の冴えや強度の聴覚的判断において，打突音に踏み込み音が加わることで，良い評価を受けることが窺えた．また，その踏み込み音は，足裏全体で床に接地する踏み込み方によって発生する音が好ましいとの知見が得られた．

Influence of the step-in sound on evaluation of the skill and strength of striking in kendo: Paired comparisons using videos with variable sounds
The present study evaluated effects of the step-in sound on evaluation of the strength and skill of striking in kendo. The evaluation tests were analyzed by a paired comparison method, using audiovisual material that included various step-in sounds. The result revealed that differences in the volume of the step-in sound affected the evaluation of the skill and strength of striking. This suggests that a better auditory judgment of the skill and strength of striking may be obtained by adding a step-in sound. Also, a better step-in sound was found to be generated if the entire sole of the foot hit the floor.

自転車競技4kmチームパーシュート（以下4kmTP）においてしばしば発生する先頭交代ミスを防ぐための方策を，走行中の速度，パワー，映像，および選手の内省を手がかりとして検討した．対象者は大学自転車競技部に所属する4kmTPレギュラー選手4名とした．交代局面前の先頭局面での平均パワーと，交代局面後の追走局面開始3秒間の平均パワーとを比較し，その大小関係によって成功試技と失敗試技に分類した．その結果，交代局面における「下り」において，成功試技の方が有意に高いパワーを示していた．その他の結果も含めて検討したところ，交代ミスを防ぐための条件として，交代局面の下りにおいて，先頭局面でのパワーの85％程度を発揮することで，追走開始3秒間のパワーが先頭局面時の80％程度に抑えられ，スムーズな追走に移行できることが示唆された．選手への具体的な提言としては，交代局面の下りで，上記のパワー値を目安として，パワー発揮を落としすぎないように意識すること，その上で交代局面の技術要素（下りのタイミングや角度など）を磨いていくことで，より無駄の少ない交代が可能になると考えられた．

Ways to avoid making mistakes when changing the leading position in 4-km team pursuit cycling
The present study proposed a way to avoid common mistakes in 4-km team pursuit cycling (4-km TP) in the phase in which the leading position is changed, focusing on cycling speed, power, imagery, and self-examination by the riders. The participants were 4 regular members of a 4-km team pursuit team associated with a university cycling team. The trials were classified as successful or unsuccessful on the basis of a comparison of the average power in the leading phase before the change and the average power during the first 3 seconds in the chase phase after the change. The successful trials showed significantly higher power when riders were dropping back in the phase in which the change was made. These results suggest that possible conditions that may avoid mistakes when changing the leading position include controlling the power at 85% of the leading phase when changing the leading position, so that the power for the first 3 seconds in the chase phase is controlled at 80% of that in the leading phase. This smooths the transfer to the chase phase. Other specific suggestions so that riders would make a more effective change include their being conscious of maintaining power at the above-mentioned level, and also brushing up on technical factors, such as timing and the angle at which they drop back.

本研究の目的は、ランニングにおける協調的動作である腕と脚の動作タイムについて変化を測定して、疾走速度を高める上で重要となる動作ポイントに対する知見を得ることであった．実験は大学陸上競技部に所属する男子短距離走者6名を対象とし、対象者の主観的努力度に基づき2条件（Mid effort, High effort）にて50m走を実施した．各条件を比較した結果、疾走速度の増大（7.53±0.63m/s→8.63±0.29m/s）に対してピッチの増大（3.52±0.33Hz→4.15±0.25Hz）と接地時間の短縮（0.13±0.02s→0.11±0.01s）が関連していることが明らかとなった．この接地時間の短縮に関する疾走動作について、特に接地以後の上腕屈曲動作（0.18±0.03s→0.14±0.02s）と大腿伸展動作（0.17±0.02s→0.14±0.01s）が有意に短縮されていた．また、これら動作と接地時間には有意な相関があったことから上腕動作によって大腿動作の素早い切り返しを誘導することで接地時間を短縮して脚の流れを改善する可能性が示唆された．そのことから、接地から離地に至るまでの上腕の屈曲動作を制御して動作時間を短縮することがパフォーマンス向上につながるポイントだと考えられた．

Effects of changing arm movements on leg flow and ground contact time in running
The objectives of the present research were to measure time series changes in movements of runners’ arms and legs, which are cooperating movements in running, and to clarify the relations of movements of the arms and the legs. In addition, the possibility was considered of improving runners’ performance by controlling the timing of their arm movements. The participants, 6 male members of a university athletic club, did a 50-m run. The results from the 2 conditions, mid effort and high effort, were compared. The results indicated that increasing the pitch (3.52±0.33 Hz→4.15±0.25 Hz) and shortening the ground contact time (0.13±0.02 s→0.11±0.01 s) were related to an increase in running velocity (7.53±0.63 m/s→8.63±0.29 m/s). When ground contact time was shortened, the time of the runners’ arm and leg movements significantly shortened, and these movements were correlated with ground contact time (p<0.05). These results suggest that inducing a turnover of leg movements by arm movements might shorten ground contact time and improve leg flow. Therefore, when attempting to improve performance, it is important to time arm movements so that they end simultaneously with grounding.

海外のプロサッカーチームでは，Global positioning system（GPS）等を用いてTime-motion分析を行い，試合時の選手の移動距離を定量している．それにより得られるデータは，トレーニングプログラムを計画するために役立つ．本研究では，大学サッカー選手に試合時のGPSデータをフィードバックし，選手の試合時の動きが改善された事例を報告する．大学男子サッカー選手を対象に，公式戦における選手の移動軌跡，総移動距離，速度帯域別の移動距離，高強度での移動が行われた位置とその方向を，GPSで計測した位置座標データから算出した．毎試合後に，各選手にチームおよび個々の課題が記されたシートをフィードバックした．大学サッカー選手の移動距離はシーズンを通じてあまり変化がなかった．一方で，フィードバックを通じて，フォワードの選手の高強度での移動の出現位置と方向が，プロ選手と類似したものとなり，その選手の得点数はシーズン後半で増加した．以上のことから，我々のGPSデータのフィードバックは，大学サッカー選手の試合時の移動を質的に改善し得ることが示された．

Feedback aimed at improving players’ movements during soccer games: A case study of male collegiate players
In international professional soccer teams, data on the players’movements during games is collected by means of a global positioning system (GPS), and the data are then analyzed with time-motion analysis. Information on the distance covered during a game can be useful for designing regular training programs. This study revealed that feedback can be useful for improving players’ movement during soccer games. The x- and y-coordinates were measured with GPS during the official games of one university soccer team throughout two seasons. The players’ trajectory, total distance covered, and distance covered in each velocity zone which are divided into 6 categories, and their location and the direction in which they moved at high-intensity were calculated from the obtained coordinates. After every game, feedback sheets that presented these data were given to each player. The distance covered at high-intensity and the percentage of high intensity movement in the total distance covered did not change through the season in the collegiate players. For the offensive players, however, the direction and location of high-intensity running improved qualitatively during the season, whereas no change in total running distance or high-intensity running distance was found. The offensive players scored more in the second half of the season than in the first half. The present results suggest that feedback using GPS data may assist players’ movements during games.