伊藤博一(帝京平成大学), 塩崎七穂(帝京平成大学), 田中亮匡(帝京平成大学), 砂川憲彦(帝京平成大学)

本研究では，投能力の低下が著しく，かつ，メンコ遊びの上達によって投能力の向上が期待できる小学5年生男子を対象に，メンコ遊びの成績上位者における動作の特徴を分析した．また，得られた結果から，メンコ遊び上達のための指導ポイントを明らかにすることを目的とした．その結果，メンコ遊びの成績と最も相関関係が強かった項目はメンコ初速度であり，メンコ遊び低得点群と比較して高得点群のメンコ初速度も有意に大きかったことから，メンコ遊び上達のための指導ポイントとして第一に重要となることは，メンコ初速度を高めることであると考えられた．そして，メンコ初速度を高めるためには，「大きなステップ幅で構える」「踏込脚の膝関節を大きく屈曲させて構える」「踏込脚の膝関節を大きく伸展させながら投げる」「体幹部を大きく前屈させながら投げる」「リリースポイントの真下付近にメンコを投射する」ことが重要であると考えられた．また，これらメンコ初速度を高めるための動作に加え，「より低い位置でメンコをリリースする」ことが，メンコ遊びの成績向上に重要であると考えられた．小学5年生男子に対しては，これらのポイントを重点的に指導することで，メンコ遊びの上達や投能力の向上が期待できると考えられた．

Coaching elementary school fifth graders in the menko card game
The present study analyzed features of throwing in menko (a traditional Japanese card game) by elementary school fifth grade menko experts, in an attempt to find ways to improve throwing ability through menko practice. The results were used to find points for coaching that might improve children’s menko play. The item having the strongest correlation with menko performance was the initial velocity of the menko. When beginners’ and the experts’initial menko velocity was compared, it was found that the velocity of the experts’ throws was significantly faster than that of the beginners. This suggests that a priority coaching point should be to increase the initial velocity of the menko. In order to do that, a series of motions is necessary, including standing with the feet wide apart, bending the knee of the stepping leg deeply, extending the knee of that leg broadly and bending the trunk far forward when throwing the menko, and throwing the menko immediately below the release point. In addition to those motions, it is also important to release the menko from as low a position as possible. It is possible that the throwing ability of elementary school fifth graders will improve if coaching emphasizes those points.

石川貴典(鹿屋体育大学)，徳田祐貴(鹿屋体育大学)，後藤健介(鹿屋体育大学)，竹中健太郎(鹿屋体育大学)，前阪茂樹(鹿屋体育大学)，山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

大学生のレベルで剣道の競技力に優れる12名（上位群）と，競技力の低い12名（下位群）とを対象に，各種の体力測定を行った。次に，上位群の各選手を対象に，競技場面で要求される様々な技能のレベルについて，指導者や周りの選手達が持つ主観的な評価を，visual analog scale（VAS）を用いて定量的に表した。評価項目は，様々な技を繰り出す能力，打突に関する能力，各種の間合における能力など19項目であった。そして各種の体力測定値と，数値で表された各種の技能との関係を検討し，それぞれの技能に特に優れる選手が持つ体力特性を，下位群の体力に対する偏差値で表した。その結果，下位群はもとより，上位群が各種の技能をさらに改善するためには，どのような体力をどの程度向上させればよいのかについての示唆が得られた。これらの結果を元に，各選手へのフィードバックシートを作成した。これは，当該選手に対する現場レベルでの技能評価と，各種体力の発達度とを関連づけて一覧できるもので，各選手が自身の技能と体力の現状とを視覚的に把握し，競技力向上の方策を個別に考えるための資料として活用できると考えられた.

Physical characteristics of excellent university student kendoka (2nd report): Quantitative evaluation of techniques aimed at improvement of competitive power
The present study measured the physical strength of university student kendoka in order to identify areas needing improvement. The participants were divided into two groups: an upper group, consisting of 12 who had excellent competitive power, and a lower group, consisting of 12 with lower competitive power. For the students in the upper group, a subjective quantitative evaluation of their ability in the use of various techniques required in competition was made by coaches and colleagues by means of a visual analog scale (VAS). The evaluation included 19 items, such as ability to perform various techniques, ability when striking, and ability to adjust timing. The relation between measured physical strength and the quantitative evaluation of the participants’ techniques was analyzed in terms of deviation from the scores of the lower group in order to identify physical characteristics of top kendoka for each technique. The results suggested which aspects of physical strength should be improved and to what extent they should be improved for various techniques, not only for the participants in the lower group but also for those in the upper group. Each kendoka was informed about his own results by use of a feedback sheet that listed the relation between the field evaluation results and the stage of achievement of various physical strengths. The athlete could use that information in order to understand his own level of technique and strength, and to make plans for how to improve his own competitive power.

森祐貴(神戸学院大学), 今井啓介(武庫川女子大学)

本研究では，競技人数，砂や風などの自然環境の中で競技する上でボールコントロール，ボールタッチに長けたビーチのアンダーハンドレセプション技術や考え方をインドアに取り入れたコーチング実践の有効性について検討し，コーチング現場で活用できる有効な指導方法の事例を提供することを目的とした．，M大学女子バレーボール部に所属する大学生3名を対象として実施され，�@捕球姿勢，�A腕の面の準備の遅さの2点が個人，チームの技術的課題点に挙げられた．，課題改善の取り組みとして，ビーチのコーチングで実践される「練習A：振り上げボールコントロール」，「練習B：片腕ボールコントロール」，「練習C：近距離アンダーハンドレセプション」の3つを実施した．，その結果，2015春季リーグ戦，秋季リーグ戦，2016春季リーグ戦において個人，チームとしてもレセプション返球率を向上させることができた．，本研究での取り組みは，ビーチの指導をインドアに取り入れたコーチング実践の有効性があったと示す結果となった．

Improving underhand reception techniques in volleyball: Incorporating beach volleyball techniques into indoor volleyball coaching
The present study examined effects of incorporating beach volleyball underhand reception techniques and the feeling of the beach that beach volleyball players have into indoor volleyball coaching practice, through adding ball control and ball touch techniques that players use when competing in a natural environment in the context of factors such as the number of athletes and the sand and wind. The study, conducted by three university students who were members of M University Women's Volleyball Club, aimed to develop effective teaching methods that could be utilized at coaching sites. Two points were identified as technical problems for individual athletes and teams: (1) ball catching posture and (2) late preparation of the hand position. In an effort to deal with these problems, three exercises used in beach volleyball were conducted: Practice A: Raising ball control, Practice B: One-handed ball control, and Practice C: Close batting underhand reception. The results suggested that after participation in these exercises, the reception return rate for individuals and teams improved in the 2015 spring and autumn league games, and the 2016 spring league games. The results of the present study suggest that incorporating beach volleyball techniques into indoor volleyball coaching may be an effective addition to the coaching practice.

松島正知(神戸大学)，矢野澄雄(神戸大学)

本研究はトランポリンの踏切における，下肢および体幹筋群の活動と移動距離との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．被験者9名に10本跳躍を行わせ，中心位置の跳躍と後方位置の跳躍に分けた．測定は体幹および下肢筋の筋電図，ハイスピードカメラによる映像ならびにロードセルから検出した出力を同期記録した．踏切局面の区間はトランポリンの沈みを前半と後半，上りを前半と後半に分割して分析した．その結果，下肢関節角度は沈み局面と上り局面ともに終始，変化を示していたが，筋活動は沈み局面の方が上り局面より大きく活動していた．また，腓腹筋の筋活動と移動距離とに相関関係が認められた．腓腹筋の伸張性収縮が移動距離に影響している可能性が示唆された．そして，これらの知見を手がかりに，実践現場へのヒントを検討した．

Relation between muscle activity during takeoff and landing positions in the trampoline straight jump
The present study aimed to examine the relation between muscle activity in the lower legs and the trunk and traveling distance at takeoff in trampoline. Nine participants made 10 jumps, which were divided into jumps from a central position and jumps from a rear position. Synchronous recordings were made of the electromyogram (EMG) of the trunk and lower leg muscles, videos using a high-speed camera, and output from a load cell. The takeoff phase was analyzed by segmenting both the sinking stage and the rebounding stage into halves. The results suggested that the angle of the joint of the lower legs changed continuously through both the sinking stage and the rebounding stage, but that muscle activity was greater in the sinking stage than in the rebounding stage. Also, a correlation was observed between activity of the gastrocnemius muscle and traveling distance. It was suggested that an eccentric contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle may have affected the traveling distance. Possible practical applications of these results are discussed.

太田涼(山梨学院大学)

リレー競技については，これまでトップレベルの技術や戦術が数多く報告されてきたが，より下位レベルのチームに求められる技術や戦術についての報告は少ない．今回，筆者らは，所属チームが異なるリレーメンバーによって構成され，事前のバトンパス練習の回数が限られる中で出場した競技会において，受け走者の加速の充実を基本コンセプトのひとつとした短期間のコーチング実践に取り組んだ．本研究の目的は，得られた各種の資料をもとにこのコーチング実践の事後的検討を行い，その成果と課題を検証することにあった．本事例の予選では，いわゆる「詰まったパス」にとなった．「詰まったパス」の解消にはチェックマークの延長が必要になるが，筆者は受け走者の加速のさらなる充実を念頭に置いてチェックマークの移動を見送った．その結果，準決勝では受け走者が充実した加速を行い，今度はいわゆる「間延びしたパトンパス」となった．さらに決勝では，筆者は選手の不安感を取り除くためにチェックマークを短縮し，受け走者のさらなる加速の充実を引き出すことに成功した．事後的検討の結果，本事例では「詰まったパス」になることを許容するマーク設定によって受け走者の充実した加速を引き出すことができたこと，そして本事例で用いられたコンセプトは事前のバトンパス練習が限られるチームがバトンパス失敗を回避しつつ順当に実力を発揮する上で有効である可能性が示唆された．

Coaching the baton pass by a women’s track and field 4×100-m relay team for the National Sports Festival
Many reports have been published about techniques and tactics of top-level athletes in relay events, but the present author found few published reports regarding lower-level athletes. A short-term coaching program was prepared to improve the acceleration of the baton receiver on a relay team that consisted of members from different groups who had had a limited amount of practice. The present study aimed to analyze and evaluate the results of this coaching program, based on the data obtained. In the preliminary heat, the baton pass became a so-called “clogged pass”. The usual solution for a clogged pass is to extend the check mark, but that was not done in the present study, which took into account further acceleration by the baton receiver. In the semifinal, the baton receiver did accelerate well, but the pass was prolonged. In the finals, the check mark was shortened in an attempt to eliminate any anxiety on the part of the runners. After that change, the baton receiver accelerated further. These results suggest that the setting of the check marks to prevent clogged pass enhanced the acceleration of the baton receiver, and that, by using this method, a relay team that has not had sufficient practice time may still be able to avoid failure in the baton pass.

藤井慶輔(理化学研究所), 小山孟志(東海大学)

多くの球技などのスポーツにおいて，競技レベルが上がるに従い，競技特有の身体接触や加減速などの動きの激しさが増すため，選手の運動出力が大きくなり，その一方で生理的応答が増大する．これらは高い競技レベルの相手との試合で初めて計測できると考えられるが，未だ定量的に明らかになっていない．そこで本研究ではバスケットボールを対象に，経験的仮説である，高い競技レベル相手に後半で負荷が蓄積して何らかの運動出力や生理的応答の変化が見られる，という仮説を検証した．対象チームは関東大学バスケットボール連盟１部に所属するチームとし，対戦チームは同2部，同1部，Bリーグ1部（プロ）との各1試合，計3試合を計測した．試合前半においては，競技レベルが高いプロ相手には運動出力のレベルを高める傾向があるものの，心拍応答に関しては相手の競技レベルに関係ない傾向にあることが示された．しかし試合後半においては，移動距離・速度は対プロにおいても高いレベルを維持していたものの，出場時間あたりの高加速度の頻度は4名中3名で低下し，心拍最大後の最小値は2名中2名が増加（心拍の回復が低下）したことが明らかとなった．計測した選手数が少ないため今後はより多くの試合を計測する必要があるが，これらの指標が高い競技レベル相手に生じる物理・生理的負荷を示す指標になりうる可能性が示唆された．

Motor output and heart rate response of basketball players during a game against highly competitive opposing team
In many ball games, as the competition level increases, the intensity of movements such as physical contact and acceleration/deceleration characteristic of that game increases, with the result that the motor output and physiological response increase. These phenomena can be measured only in a game in which a team is playing at a high level of competition. However, reports of quantitative changes in these measures have not been published. The present study examined the exercise and physiological responses of basketball players who were accumulating loads in the second half of a game involving a high level of competition. In the first half of the game, although the game was at a high level of competition (i.e., against a professional team), the players’ exercise output level tended to increase, but their heart rates were not related to the level of competition of the opposing team. However, in the second half of the game, although the players’ moving distance/speed was maintained at a high level against the professional team, the frequency of high acceleration in relation to participation time decreased in 3 of the 4 players measured. Furthermore, the minimum heart rate after the heart rate had reached a maximum increased (that is, the recovery of the heart rate decreased) in both of the 2 players measured. Due to small number of players measured in the present study, players in more games should be measured. However, the present results suggest that the indices measured may be indicators of the physical/physiological load occurring in games that are at a high level of competition.

佐藤友樹(大阪産業大学)，土屋純(早稲田大学)

マット運動における「伸膝前転」について，指導に必要な情報はすでに多く明かされているが，現在も習得・習熟のための指導方法あるいは練習方法の研究をしていく必要性がある．そこで，本研究では指導の実践�Tで小学生1名，指導の実践�Uで小学生2名を対象として，マット運動における「伸膝前転」の指導を行い，この技の技術獲得のための練習方法について有益な知見を得ることを目的とした．その結果，各対象者は伸膝前転の運動経過における腰角を大きく開く動作の習熟レベルが向上し，本指導で用いた練習方法が伝導技術における腰角を開く動作の習得・習熟に有効であることが示唆された．

Coaching elementary school students on the straight leg forward roll on the mat: focusing on the technique of transmitting movement upward through the body
Much has been published about how to coach the straight leg forward roll on the mat, but further study of coaching and training methods for the acquisition and mastery of this movement is still necessary. The present study involved actual coaching of straight leg forward rolls on the mat with one elementary school student who was at step 1 and two who were at step 2, with the aim of collecting useful information about training methods that would assist students to acquire this technique. After they were coached, the acquisition level of each of the students improved with respect to the motion of opening the angle of the hip during straight leg forward rolls. This suggests that the present training method may be useful for helping novice gymnasts acquire and master the motion of opening the angle of the hip so that the motion of their legs is transmitted to their upper body during straight leg forward rolls.

濱中良(鹿屋体育大学)，永原隆(鹿屋体育大学)，松尾彰文(鹿屋体育大学)，小森大輔(鹿屋体育大学)，加藤忠彦(鹿屋体育大学)，近藤亮介(神戸大学)，金高宏文(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は，三段跳における異なる助走歩数による跳躍練習のための基礎資料を得ることを目的とした．そのために，大学男子三段跳競技者一人を対象に，助走歩数を2歩から18歩まで段階的に伸ばす際に，助走速度ならびにホップ・ステップ・ジャンプの跳躍パフォーマンスとそれに影響する変数(跳躍距離，支持時間，速度，地面反力，力積)がどのように変化するかについて，50m にわたり連続的に計測が可能な圧力板走行路を用いて検証した．また，折れ線回帰分析を用いて，助走歩数と跳躍パフォーマンスとの関係性の変化がどの歩数で生じるかについて検討した．その結果，助走歩数を増加させていく三段跳の跳躍練習では以下の点に留意して行うとよいと考えられた．�@ 助走歩数8歩(約15ｍ）以下の場合と12歩(約25ｍ)以上場合における助走歩数の増減の影響がキネマティック変数で大きく異なる．�A 助走歩数8歩(約15ｍ）以下の場合は，助走歩数の増減で跳躍パフォーマンスの変数が大きく変動することに注意して行うべきであろう．�B 12歩(約25ｍ)以上場合では助走歩数の増減で全助走と大きな差異が生じないことを理解し，練習の目的や体調に応じて活用するとよいであろう．�C ステップ，ジャンプの踏切における水平速度の減少を最小限にできるように動作することを重視し，身体を鉛直に加速し持ち上げることに余り留意しないでよい可能性がある．

Influence of the number of steps in the approach run on performance in the triple jump: Analysis of a single case
The present study examined the influence of the number of steps in the approach run on performance of the triple jump. The participant was a university male triple jumper. His jumping performance was measured by a pressure running board that could measure continuous performance over 50 meters. The measures obtained were the speed of the approach run, his hop, step, and jump performance, changes in the distance jumped, his holding time, speed, ground reaction force, and impulse force, when the number of steps in the approach run was gradually increased from 2 to 18. Linear regression analysis was used to find the number of steps for which the relation between the length of the approach run and his jump performance became critical. The results suggest that the following points should be taken into account when practice for the triple jump includes a gradual increase in the number of steps in the approach run: 1) The influence of the number of steps depends very much on the kinematic variable when the number of steps is fewer than 8 (approximately 15 meters) or more than 12 (approximately 25 meters). 2) When the number of steps is 8 or fewer, the variability of the jump performance will changed greatly in relation to the number of steps. 3) When the number of steps is 12 or more, there is not much difference due to the number of steps compared to a full-length approach. 4) Reduction of the horizontal speed must be minimized at the take-off of the step and the jump, and it may not be necessary to raise the body vertically by acceleration.

長�ｱ進(伏見岡本病院), 福島秀晃(伏見岡本病院), 三浦雄一郎(伏見岡本病院), 森原徹(京都府立医科大学)

男子体操選手における肩関節脱臼術後の吊り輪競技復帰に向けたリハビリテーションを検証した．検証作業として倒立・懸垂動作及び吊り輪動作における肩甲骨周囲筋群(僧帽筋各線維・前鋸筋)の動作筋電図を施行した．得られた筋電図波形から倒立と懸垂動作課題において健側との比較を行った．対象者は懸垂及び吊り輪動作において患側の肩甲骨挙上・内転筋(僧帽筋上部・中部線維)と下制筋(僧帽筋下部線維・前鋸筋)の筋活動に漸増・漸減パターンが認められなかった．リハビリテーションとして肩甲骨挙上・内転筋と下制筋の筋活動に漸増・漸減パターンを再獲得する目的として，重錘を持たせた側臥位での肩関節外転−内転運動を行った．運動療法後，吊り輪動作が可能となり，運動療法前・後における吊り輪動作の筋活動パターンに改善を認めた．体操競技復帰を目指したリハビリテーションでは筋力強化に加えて肩甲骨周囲筋の円滑な筋活動パターンの再獲得を行う運動療法が必要である．

Rehabilitation for dysfunction of the muscles surrounding the scapula: Male gymnast with difficulty in regaining the movements needed for still rings exercises
The present study describes the rehabilitation of a male gymnast who aimed at returning to still rings events after surgery for a dislocated shoulder. Examination of the gymnast included motion electromyogram of the muscles surrounding his scapula (the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles) during the movements involved in hanging handstands and still rings exercises. The wave forms obtained from the electromyograms on the affected side were compared with those from the unaffected side. No pattern of gradual increase or decrease was observed for his adductor muscles (the upper and middle fibers of the trapezius muscle) or abductor muscles (the lower fibers of the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles) during hang and still rings movements. He then did exercises in order to regain the pattern of gradual increase or decrease of the adductor and abductor muscles, such as abductor and adductor motions of the shoulder joint while holding a weight in a lateral position. After doing this exercise, the gymnast became able to perform the still rings exercises. When his performance before and after the rehabilitation exercises was compared, an improvement in the motion pattern of his muscles during the still rings movements was found. These results suggest that the rehabilitation of gymnasts who aim to return to the still rings after an operation for a dislocated shoulder may require them to regain a smooth pattern of motion of the muscles surrounding the scapula, in addition to strengthening those muscles.