競泳競技では，リレー引き継ぎスタートとして，新しいスタート（オーバーステップスタート）が用いられている．本研究の目的は，オーバーステップスタートの台上動作に着目し，従来のスタートとのキネマティクス的特徴を比較・検討することとした．対象者は男子大学競泳選手8名とし，3種類（オーバーステップスタート，シングルステップスタート，ノーステップスタート）の引き継ぎスタートをランダムに行わせた．その結果，オーバーステップスタートは，シングルステップスタートよりも有意に高い跳び出し速度と水平速度を示した．跳び出し角度および飛距離についてはいずれのスタートにおいても有意な差はみられなかった．一方で，跳び出し時における身体重心速度の回転要素では，オーバーステップスタートが従来の2つのスタートよりも有意に高値を示した．これらの結果より，オーバーステップスタートは従来の引き継ぎスタートと比較して高い跳び出し速度および水平速度を獲得できる可能性がある一方で，下方に跳び出してしまう可能性もあるスタート方法であることが示唆された．

Study on the passing method in relay event of swimming: focusing on the motion on starting block of over-step start
The Over-step start is employed as a relay start in swimming competitions. The　purpose of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of the　over-step start compared to those of the conventional start, focusing on the　movement on the starting block. The participants were eight male university　swimmers who randomly tried three types of passing starts: over-step start, singlestep　start, and no-step start. As a result, the over-step start showed significantly　higher take-off velocity and horizontal take-off velocity than the single-step start. No　significant differences were observed in the take-off angle and flight distance. However, the rotational component of the center of mass at the take-off velocity showed significantly higher values for the over-step start than those of the conventional two types of relay starts. These results suggest that the over-step start provides higher take-off velocity and horizontal take-off velocity compared to the conventional relay start, but may include a risk of having to jump downward.

本研究の目的は，ウエイトリフティング選手によって実行された連日のトレーニングのモニタリングデータを分析し，外的負荷と内的負荷の関連性を調べることであった．対象者は女子ウエイトリフティング選手1名，10週間にわたる55回のトレーニングセッションを分析した．毎日のトレーニングセッションについて，総負荷量（ｔotal volume load（TVL）：％1RM×反復回数×セット数の全エクササイズの総和），心拍変動指標（LnrMSSD）の練習前後の変化量，セッションの主観的運動強度（sRPE）を取得した．TVLとLnrMSSDの変化量との，またTVLとsRPEの間の相関関係を求めた．TVLとLnrMSSDの変化量との間で（r = 0.558 ：p<0.01），またTVLとsRPEとの間でr = 0.700：p<0.01）で，それぞれ有意な相関関係が認められた．これらの結果から実際のウエイトリフティングの日々のトレーニングにおいて内的負荷は外的負荷に相関していることが示唆された．

Monitoring and quantifying the training load in weightlifting
The present study investigated relations between external load and internal load by monitoring and quantifying training data of a weightlifter. The participant was a female weightlifter, 20 years old, who did 55 training sessions in a 10-week period. The total volume load（TVL: %1RM×sets×repetition）of all exercises, change in the heart rate variability（HRV）index (log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R Intervals: LnrMSSD）from before to after training, and her rating of perceived exertion（sRPE）after each session of training were obtained. The total volume load for each session was correlated with the change in the heart rate variability index and the participant’s rating of perceived exertion in the session. The heart rate variability index was significantly reduced when the total volume load was high, whereas it was not found to be significantly reduced when the total volume load was low. Significant correlations were found between the total volume load and both changes in the heart rate variability index (r=0.558, p<0.01) and rating of perceived exertion per session (r=0.700, p<0.01).

本研究は，12名の男性を対象にハム型および四頭筋型フライングスプリット（以下FSとする）時の力学変量を定量化し，単一対象者・複数試行測定と複数対象者・複数試行測定の比較を行った．この比較から，単一対象者・複数試行によるトレーニングエクササイズにおける動作様式条件の違いに関する研究がスポーツ実践現場に対するコーチング資料として有益であるか検証することを目的とした．そのために，前脚の膝関節が足関節の後方に位置するハム型FSと前方に位置する四頭筋型FSに動作様式条件を分類し，逆動力学法を使って力学変量を比較した．その結果，12名全体の平均値ではハム型FSと四頭筋型FSを教示通りに遂行できたが，2名は前提条件の適切な実施かつ負荷条件を両動作様式条件間で同程度に実施できなかったと判明した．これらの結果は，トレーニングエクササイズを集団指導した場合，動作様式が適切でない一部の実践者は平均値に埋没し，見過ごされてしまうことを意味する．本研究は，動作様式の違いについて各個人が複数試行したデータを検証することで，運動実践者が陥りやすい課題や教示内容の誤認を個人レベルで見出し，早期に改善可能であることを示している．

A simplified method for evaluating the influence of movement pattern on dynamic variables in training exercises: comparing individual participants and multiple participants with single and multiple trials.
The present study quantified dynamic variables while 12 male participants were doing hamstring muscle and quadriceps muscle scissor jumps, and compared the results from a single participant doing multiple trials and several participants doing a single trial. The aim was to examine whether studying the movement pattern of one person doing multiple trials in training exercises would be useful as coaching material. Movement patterns were classified into two types: hamstring scissor jumps, in which the knee joint of the front leg is abducted, and quadriceps scissor jumps, in which the knee joint is flexed. The two patterns were compared using inverse dynamics. The average score from the 12 participants indicated that both the hamstring scissor jumps and the quadriceps scissor jumps had been performed as taught. However, two of the participants did not do the preconditions properly nor execute the load condition equally in either type of movement pattern. These results suggest that when training exercises are taught to groups, trainees who do not execute the movement patterns properly may be overlooked. The present study suggests that by evaluating multiple types of data, it may be possible to identify problems and instructions that individual trainees have misunderstood so that the problem can be corrected quickly.

先行研究では，ボランティアとその現場ニーズとのマッチングを対象とした研究がいくつか存在した．だが，視覚障がい者ランナー（以下，Bランナー）と伴走者のマッチングを対象として，マッチング課題を明らかにした質的研究はほとんどみられなかった．そこで本研究は，ランナーを対象として伴走者のマッチング課題を明らかにすることを目的とした．A伴走クラブに所属するランナー（n=6）に半構造化インタビューによる調査を行なった．M-GTAを用いて逐語化したデータを分析した．その結果，以下の４点が明らかになった．�@伴走が定着化及び継続化されていない新人伴走者に，Bランナーが伴走者の必要性を伝える機会を作っていくこと．�ABランナーが継続的にランニングできるように日々伴走者の人脈を広げていくこと．�B両者の走る目的や目標が少々異なっても，Bランナーが新人伴走者との人脈を広げようとする意識と行動が，互いに一緒に走る機会を増やせるようになること．�C定期練習会で取り入れられている「シャッフル」というマッチング方法に，これらの課題を解決する可能性が見出された．

Problems matching visually impaired runners with guide runners and a proposed process for solving them
Some studies have been published on problems that arise when attempting to match volunteer guides to visually impaired runners in relation to their on-site needs, but the present authors could find almost no published qualitative studies on problems involved when matching guides and visually impaired runners. The present study aimed to identify the task of matching running companions from runners’ point of view. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 visually impaired runners who were members of a guide runner club. A word-by-word analysis of the transcribed interviews using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach (M-GTA) resulted in the following 4 points: (1) Visually impaired runners should explain the importance of their having an escort to new guide runners whose escorting has not stabilized or has not been continuous. (2) Visually impaired runners should expand their personal connections so that they will have guides available and thus can continue running. (3) Even though the objectives and goals are not the same for the two groups of runners, visually impaired runners’ enthusiasm and action to expand their personal connections is likely to increase the chances of their running together with an escort. (4) A shuffle matching method which has been employed in regular practice meets may provide a possible answer for dealing with these problems.

新型コロナウィルス感染症の拡大に伴い筆者の本務校（以下「本学」）は2020年度の春学期には全授業をWebにて実施することとした。本研究では，本学における2020年度の専門実技の開講形式の工夫について紹介するとともに，得られた経験知の今後の活用可能性について検討した. 本学では，専門実技の開講に際して，実技を伴う対面授業の実施可能性を模索するために，春学期開講の科目Aと秋学期開講の科目Bを臨時的にだき合わせ開講とした. そして，春学期には科目Aの履修者にはWeb授業によるガイダンス1コマ，科目Aの7コマのWeb授業，そして秋学期開講の科目Bの7コマのWeb授業を受講させた上で単位認定を保留することとした. また，秋学期には，当該受講者には科目Bを履修させて，A，B両科目の残りの授業を受講させ，学年末に両科目の単位認定を行うこととした. この方策は，2020年度全体での実技を伴う対面授業の実施の模索，実技を伴う対面授業が可能になるまでの「その場しのぎ」，そして専門実技としての指導内容をWeb授業で担保する準備のための「時間稼ぎ」を可能にするとともに，今回の臨時的対応を通じて得られた経験知は今後も多様な状況で活用できることが示唆された.

A temporary way of offering practical sports courses in a physical education teacher training curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic when in-person education is not possible
Starting with the spring semester of 2020, the university where the authors are employed decided to provide all subjects as remote lessons (on-demand or online lessons) because of restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper describes how the authors tried to maximize the outcomes of practical sports courses during these difficult conditions when in-person education was not possible. At the university, all kinds of practical sports courses are offered in both the spring and fall semesters. Students who want to take up these subjects are divided into two groups and told to take classes in the spring or fall semesters to even out the number of students in each of the courses. The authors decided that subject A, planned to be offered in the spring semester, and subject B, planned to be offered in the fall semester, should be temporarily paired in 2020. During the spring semester, which consists of 15 lesson weeks, the students who took subject A received one guidance lesson, seven remote lessons on subject A, and seven remote lessons on subject B. Seven lessons of subject A were put off until the fall semester, and seven lessons of subject B were moved forward. The credit for both subjects is planned to be granted at the end of the fall semester. This temporary way of offering courses enabled the authors to put off the problem-solving. The authors were able to provide makeshift courses with seven remote lessons during the spring semester, keep seven lessons for in-person education until the fall semester in case such education became possible, and set aside enough time to prepare effective remote lessons in case in-person education was still impossible in the fall semester.

本研究は日本トップテニス選手2名を対象とし，練習マッチにおけるグラウンドストロークの打球データを測定し，狙うコースや打球するポジションの違いにより打球スピード，回転数，ネット上の通過位置やインパクト位置にどのような特徴があるのかを検討した．練習マッチに勝利した選手Aにおいて，フォアハンド・右サイド，フォアハンド・左サイドの打球スピードはそれぞれ128.1±10.7km/h，130.2±14.4km/hと選手Bよりも約25km/h高い値を示した．ネット上の通過位置とインパクト位置についてみていくと，選手Aは軌道の低い打球で相手を左右に動かす攻撃的なプレーを展開しており，クロスコートとダウン・ザ・ラインに打ち分ける際にもコースの違いに関わらず高いスピードを維持しながら打球できていた．こうした打球データの分析は，オープンコートをつくるためのボールコントロール能力や，試合においてもその能力を発揮できているか，という観点からゲームを評価するものであり，コーチや選手の質的な分析を補助するようなデータを提供できるものと考えられる．

Analysis of data from ground strokes hit by two of Japan’s top tennis players: characteristics of the players’ hits in a practice match
The present study used TrackMan tennis radar to examine features of ball speed, spin rate, net clearance, the ball’s course toward the target, and landing location of balls hit by two male top tennis players in Japan, by collecting data from the ground strokes that they hit in a practice match. The speed of balls hit forehand from the right and left side of player A who won the game was 128.1±10.7 km/h and 130.2±14.4 km/h respectively; this was 25 km/h faster than the balls hit by player B. Examination of the data on net clearance and landing location indicated that player A’s offensive plays with balls having a low trajectory forced the opponent to move from one side of the court to the other. He maintained a high ball speed even when hitting balls cross court and down the line. These analyses may be useful for evaluating players’ skill in controlling the ball and whether the same skill can be demonstrated in actual games, not just in practice. This type of analysis may provide coaches and players with data in support of qualitative analyses.

競泳選手にとって，泳速度を能動的に調節できることは，重要な能力の1つである．本研究では，中・高強度領域のクロール泳における泳速度調節時に重要な身体感覚について検討することを目的とした．対象者は，高校生6名，大学生3名の男女9名とした．試技は50 mクロール泳，泳速度調節は最大努力泳を主観的努力度100%とし，70，80，90%および100%の主観的努力度で各1回計4回実施した．解析項目は，泳タイムとそれをもとに算出した客観的出力，泳動作分析から求めた泳速度，ストローク頻度，ストローク長とした．また，泳速度調節に関わる身体感覚について質問紙を用いて検討した．その結果，主観的努力度は客観的出力 (r = 0.83)，ストローク頻度 (r = 0.82) およびストローク長 (r = -0.77) との間に有意な相関関係を示した (いずれもp < 0.05)．質問紙調査では，「タイミング」，「ストローク頻度」，「リズム」，「力の入れ方」，「ストローク長」の5項目が全回答の平均値より高い値であり，「身体位置」，「動作時間」，「視覚」，「水流感覚」のいずれかの項目と比較し有意に高い得点を示した (p < 0.05)．「水の抵抗」の得点と有意差のある項目はなかった．以上のことから，中・高強度領域で泳速度調節を行える競泳選手が重視している身体感覚は，「タイミング」，「ストローク頻度」，「リズム」，「力の入れ方」，「ストローク長」である可能性が高いと考えられた．

Examination of kinesthesia perceived by competitive swimmers when adjusting the velocity of the front crawl while swimming at middle and high intensities
The active control of swimming velocity is one of the most important abilities for competitive swimmers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the kinesthesia perceived by high school and college competitive swimmers when adjusting their velocity while swimming the front crawl at middle and high intensities. The participants, nine male and female swimmers (6 high school students and 3 college students) who were receiving instruction from the same coach did a 50-m front crawl four times. Maximum effort swimming was set as 100% of the participants’ subjective effort. They did one trial each at subjective effort levels of 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. The total time for each trial was measured, and the objective output was calculated based on the total time. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length were obtained from swimming motion analysis. In addition, the kinesthesia perceived by the swimmers when adjusting their swimming velocity was evaluated from their responses on a questionnaire. Subjective effort was significantly correlated with objective output (r=0.83, p<0.05), stroke frequency (r=-0.82, p<0.05), and stroke length (r=-0.77, p<0.05). In the participants’ questionnaire responses, timing, stroke rate, rhythm, degree of output, and stroke length were rated higher than the average value of all answers, and significantly higher than the ratings for body position, movement time, sight, and water sense (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in items relating to water resistance. Taken together, timing, stroke rate, rhythm, degree of output, and stroke length might be the important kinesthesia perceived by swimmers when adjusting their swimming velocity at medium and high intensities.

本研究では，大学生のバスケットボールリーグ戦を対象として，試合終了時の得点差とリーグ戦終了時の勝率に影響を及ぼす要因を明らかにすることを目的として調査を行った．調査の方法としてX地区学生バスケットボールリーグ戦におけるスタッツを収集し分析を行った．その結果，得点差と勝率に影響する要因として２P成功数，２P試投数，２P成功率，フリースロー成功数，フリースロー試投数，オフェンスリバウンド，トータルリバウンド，アシスト，スティール，ブロックショット，攻撃効率について正の相関関係が認められた．また，ターンオーバー，守備効率については負の相関関係が認められた．次に得点差には影響があるが勝率には影響しない要因としては３P成功数，ディフェンスリバウンドについて正の相関関係が認められた．さらに，勝率には影響があるが得点差には影響しない要因として２P得点率，２P試投率について正の相関関係が認められた．また，３P得点率，３P試投率については負の相関関係が認められた．今回の調査で相関関係の認められた項目について重点的に強化していくことが，長期に渡るリーグ戦を勝ち抜く上で有効であると考えられる．

Factors affecting game outcome and point spread in basketball
The present study investigated factors affecting the final point spread and winning percentage in university basketball games by analyzing the game statistics of a university student basketball league in X area. Factors found to be positively correlated with point spread and winning percentage were the number of two-point shots made, the number of two-point shots attempted, the percentage of two-point shots made, the number of free throws made, the number of free throws attempted, offensive rebounds, total rebounds, assists, steals, blocked shots, and offensive speed, whereas turnovers and defensive speed were found to be negatively correlated with point spread and winning percentage. Factors found to be positively correlated with point spread but not with percentage of wins were the number of three-point shots made and the number of defensive rebounds. Factors found to be positively correlated with percentage of wins but not with point spread were the percentage of two-point shots made and the percentage of two-point shots attempted. The percentage of three-point shots made was found to be negatively correlated with the percentage of three-point shots attempted. The discussion suggests that, for winning over the long term in league matches, coaching may be more effective if it focuses on strengthening factors that the present investigation found were likely to be correlated with game success.

心拍変動は，心臓の拍動間隔のゆらぎと定義され，非侵襲的に自律神経機能を評価できることから注目を集めている．心拍変動に関する指標の中でも，副交感神経の活性度を表すLn RMSSD（Logarithm of Root Mean Square of Successive Differences of RR intervals）は，自律神経機能の回復状態や，トレーニングによる身体の適応状況のモニタリングに有用とされている．本総説では，近年におけるアスリートを対象とした心拍変動を用いたコンディションの評価方法のトレンドを概説する．そのうえで，主に起床時に測定されたLn RMSSDに着目し，運動やトレーニングが心拍変動に与える影響，トレーニング効果と心拍変動との関係，心拍変動に影響を与えるトレーニング以外の要因，心拍変動を用いたトレーニング戦略について議論する．そして，最後に今後の研究の必要性と方向性，スポーツ現場への示唆を述べる．

Conditioning athletes engaging in endurance or ball game sports by monitoring morning heart rate variability
“Heart rate variability” is defined as fluctuations in the time intervals between adjacent heartbeats. This measure has recently attracted attention because it can be used as a non-invasive method for evaluating autonomic nervous function. Among the indices relating to heart rate variability, Ln RMSSD (Natural Logarithm of the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences of RR intervals), which is a measure of the activity of the parasympathetic nerves, is considered to be useful for monitoring the recovery of autonomic nervous function and the adaptation of the body due to training. The present article reviews recent trends in methods of evaluating athletes’ conditioning by measuring heart rate variability, focusing on Ln RMSSD measured at the time when waking up, and discusses influences of exercise and training on heart rate variability, relationships between training effects and heart rate variability, factors other than training that may influence heart rate variability, and heart rate variability guided training. Finally, we demonstrate the necessity and direction of future research and suggestions for sports field.

本研究は，大学男子三段跳選手が事例研究で得られた知見を応用して競技力向上を達成した約6ヶ月間の取り組み内容について整理し，三段跳選手や指導者に対して新たな実践知を示すことを目的とした．研究対象とした選手は，ある三段跳選手の事例研究で得られた知見を応用し「積極的着地」を習得する計画を立てて実施した．その結果，ジャンプ踏切での「積極的着地」の習得を手がかりに，それまでの自己記録14m52（+2.0）から15m10（+1.7）まで記録を向上させた．約6ヶ月間の取り組みについての報告から，参考にした事例研究が記録を向上させた過程で役立っており，事例研究を応用した競技力向上の取り組みの有用性が示された．ただし，事例研究の知見はそのまま活用するだけでなく，事例研究をヒントに活用者の状況に応じて変容させ，部分的に活用することで有益になることが示された．

Improvement in the performance of a male university triple jumper who applied knowledge gained from studying another athlete’s performance
The aims of the present study were to examine the method used for 6 months of a male university triple jumper to improve his performance by applying knowledge collected through analysis of the jumps of another athlete, and to explain the practical knowledge that he obtained to other triple jumpers and to coaches. The male university triple jumper planned and executed the acquisition of an active landing by studying the performance of another triple jumper. As a result of what he had learned, he succeeded in acquiring an active landing, and improved his best record from 14.52 m to 15.10 m. His report after 6 months suggested that studying the other athlete’s active landing had helped him to improve his own performance. We believe that this way of improving performance would be useful to others. Gaining knowledge by studying others’ performance is a method applicable not only for triple jumpers, but one that could also be used in other athletic fields, depending on the situation.