高等学校におけるダンス部の活動は，初心者が多いことが報告されており，2時間程度の練習内で，ダンスの基礎基本となる動作を身に付けるためには，30分程度でウォーミングアップを効率良く実施する必要があると考えられた．そこで，部活動の時間の中で，短時間で効率よくダンスのテクニックを身につけることができるウォーミングアップを作成することを目的とした．今回は江口が示した基本運動もとに，新たなウォーミングアップを作成し，2校の高等学校ダンス部で実践した．その結果，ウォーミングアップを実践した2校ともに，�Gの脚上げステップの実施に課題を抱えており，ジャンプしながらのスムーズな移動に課題が認められた．そこで，プリエの動作を使ったジャンプの項目を追加で作成した．動きを追加で作成した結果，「エチュード（練習曲）としての基本運動第一課程」の動きとの関連をみると，1番〜6番のすべての運動の種類を網羅することとなった（表２）．さらに，�@〜�Iまでのウォーミングアップを簡易に実施できるレベルに達した部員がより発展的な柔軟性の獲得を目指す場合を想定し，発展的な動きについても検討することができた．今後は，本研究で作成したウォーミングアップの成果と課題について，客観的な指標を用いて，より科学的に検証し，よりよいウォーミングアップについて検討していきたい．

A brief warm-up routine before dance club lessons developed for a high school dance club whose members are mostly beginners
Typically, many high school dance club members are beginners at dance, and, in order for them to learn basic dance techniques in 2 hours, the warm-up time has to be limited to 30 minutes. The present study aimed at developing a warm-up routine that would enable the club members to learn dance techniques efficiently while staying within the limited time available for the club’s activities. Based on the basic motions described by Eguchi (1968; in Japanese), a new warm-up routine was designed and implemented for 2 high school dance clubs. At both schools, the leg-up step in No. 8 seemed to be difficult for the students, and moving smoothly while jumping was also a problem. However, after a jump item using a plie motion was added, all the movements in Nos. 1 through 6 could be included in relation to the basic motion lesson 1, as Etude (see Table 2). In addition, more advanced motions were studied, because it was assumed that some members would become able to perform warm-up exercises Nos. 1-10 easily. As a next step, the results and the problems of warm-up that were examined in the present study should be further investigated by using objective indices in order to develop even better warm-up routines.

本研究では，ボート競技におけるローイング運動時の練習を支援するために，小型モーションセンサを艇とオールに取り付け，オールの先端部分であるブレードの動かし方を可視化するシステムを構築することとした．本システムでは艇の加速度，ブレードの回転・軌跡，オールの振り角を計測し，選手にオールの動かし方を3Dアニメーションで提示できるフィードバックシステムを構築した．選手の内省報告では，陸上のトレーニング装置（エルゴメータ）を用いても似たようなことは分かるが，実際のオールの動かし方の感覚とは違う．その点，このシステムは実際のオールの動かし方やオールの動きを見ることができて技術を獲得する上で有益な情報となるといった感想がみられた．これらのことから，本システムを用いることにより，ブレードの操作技術向上に有用性が期待できることを確認できた．

Effects of training with a motion sensor that enables visualization of the movement of oars: blade movements in rowing
The aim of the present study was to develop a system for visualizing how to move the blade that is at the end of an oar. The system involved attaching a small motion sensor to the boat and the oars during rowing training. The system measures acceleration of the boat, rotation of the blades, locus of the blades, and oar angle. It gives the crew 3D animated feedback on how the oars were moved. The participants reported that using an ergometer for field training gave them a sensation resembling that produced by moving an oar, but, even so, the sensation felt different from the sensation of actually moving an oar. In that respect, the new system provides useful information for acquiring technique, because it enables the crew to see how the oar should actually be moved and to visualize the oar’s motion. The above results suggest that this system may be useful for improving blade operation technique.

パラカヌーにおいて，健常者のカヌースプリントのようなレース分析は行われておらず，日本代表選手の課題は明らかではない．本研究は，パラカヌー女子KL3（WKL3）の世界トップ選手の艇速度およびストローク変数の特徴や日本代表選手との違いを明らかにすることを目的とした．東京パラリンピックのテストイベントに出場した世界トップ選手と同大会および日本パラカヌー選手権に出場した日本代表選手を対象として，レース映像から10mごとの通過タイムおよび総ストローク数を読み取り，艇速度およびストローク変数を算出した．世界トップ選手および日本代表選手の最高艇速度は4.30±0.15m／秒および3.94±0.05m／秒，最低艇速度は3.55±0.06m／秒および3.32±0.07m／秒であり，ともに差の効果量は大であった．平均ストローク頻度（SR）は世界トップ選手120.81±10.60回／分，日本代表選手110.12±1.76回／分で差の効果量は大であった一方，平均ストローク距離の差の効果量は小であった．また，フィニッシュタイムと最高艇速度および最低艇速度との間に有意な負の相関，SRとの間に負の相関の傾向がみられた．WKL3の日本代表選手が東京パラリンピックに出場するためには，最高および最低艇速度とSRを向上させる必要があることが示された．

Race analysis in women’s paracanoe KL3: comparison between world top racers and Japan’s national team on boat speed and stroke
Analyses like those done on the canoe sprint races of abled racers are not done on paracanoe races, with the result that problems in the performance of the Japan team’s athletes are not known. The present study aimed to examine boat speed and number and distance of strokes of world top women paracanoe KL3 (WKL3) racers, in order to identify any differences between those data and data on the boat speed and strokes of the paracanoe athletes on the Japan national team. Data for the present study were obtained from a video of a race participated in by world top racers who had participated in the test event for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics and by Japanese athletes who had participated in a test event for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics and also in the Japan Para Canoe Championship. Boat speed was calculated from time per 10 meters; the total number of strokes was also recorded. The differences in boat speed between the two groups of racers were large: the maximum boat speeds of the world top racers and the Japanese racers were 4.30 ± 0.15 m/sec and 3.94 ± 0.05 m/sec; the minimum boat speeds were 3.55 ± 0.06 m/sec and 3.32 ± 0.07 m/sec, respectively. The differences in stroke rate between the two groups was also large: the average stroke rate (SR) was 120.81 ± 10.60 cycles/min for the world top racers and 110.12 ± 1.76 cycles/min for the racers on Japan’s team. However, the difference between the groups in average stroke distance was small. A significant negative correlation was found between finish time and maximum and minimum boat speeds, and a negative correlation was found with stroke rate. These results suggest that there should be a focus on improving the maximum and minimum boat speeds and the stroke rate of the members of Japan’s national WKL3 team in order for them to participate successfully in the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics.

マラソンのオリンピック日本代表，世界陸上銅メダリスト，駅伝競技においては箱根駅伝・ニューイヤー駅伝優勝などの競技経験を有する指導者が，4年間にわたり選手のバイタルサインとして収集した体重および心拍数を分析した． 広島経済大学陸上競技部に長距離選手として所属した男子選手46名のデータを収集した．その内，欠損データが少なかった2017年度のデータを分析対象とし，対象者数は26名であった．また，1年間を通じてとは別に，チームが重視する4試合に出場した14名の駅伝メンバーおよびメンバー候補者については，試合のテーパリングに対しての分析も実施した．その結果，個人の起床時体重および起床時心拍数には個人差および日差変動が大きく，指導者がチーム全体のコンディショニングを把握するのは困難であるように思われた．一方，テーパリング期の起床時心拍数が低下した選手は，指導者からもパフォーマンスの高評価を得ており，バイタルサインに表れるような変化を，優れた競技経験を有する指導者は感じ取っていることが示唆された．

Longitudinal analysis of vital signs of college long-distance runners by a coach with experience as a high-level runner
The present study analyzed 4 years of data on runners’ vital signs which had been collected by a coach who had been a high-level runner. For example, he had been a member of a Japan Olympic Games national marathon team, a bronze medalist in a World Track and Field Championship. The data were collected from 46 male long distance runners who were members of a sports club at the Hiroshima University of Economics. The present study analyzed the data from 2017, covering 26 runners. This sample was chosen because of the four years of data that were available, this set had the fewest missing data. In addition to these data from throughout the year, data from 14 team members and candidates for the team that had been obtained during the tapering periods prior to four important races were also analyzed. The results showed that the runners’ weight and heart rate when waking up fluctuated greatly across individuals and from day to day. It would be difficult for a coach to understand an entire team’s condition using those data. On the other hand, the running during the tapering period of those athletes who had had a low heart rate when waking up was rated highly by the coach. It is possible that the coach could perceive changes in the runners' vital signs, conceivably because of his experience as a high-level runner. .

トランポリン競技の評価は，跳躍の滞空時間がそのまま得点となるため，長い滞空時間が重要である．力学上，鉛直上方の跳躍の滞空時間は，跳び出しの速度によって決まるが，トランポリンの跳躍の場合，踏切面のトランポリンベッドの弾力性を利用して跳び出しの速度の勢いをつけるため，跳び出す速度はトランポリンベッドが最も下降に沈み込んだ時点から離地までの上り速度の影響を受けると考えられる．そこで本研究は，トランポリンベッドの上り速度を構成する沈み距離と上り時間の2変数を用いることで，踏切の傾向を示すことを目的とした．被験者は10人のトランポリン選手であった（年齢19.5±1.6歳，身長163.9±6.7 cm，体重58.5±8.2 kg，競技歴7.9±4.2年）．滞空時間との関係において，それぞれトランポリンベッドの上り速度（r = 0.966，p < 0.001）と沈み距離（r = 0.742，p < 0.05）とに有意な正の相関が認められた．しかし，滞空時間と上り時間との間には有意な相関は認められなかった（r = -0.391，n.s.）．上り速度に対して，上り時間は沈み距離より影響が小さいことが示された．一方，選手によって，上り速度は沈み距離と上り時間の貢献度が異なるため，踏切においてこの2変数の傾向をつかむことが重要である．さらに，体重あたりの沈み距離と上り時間との関係は負の相関（r = -0.867，p < 0.01）が認められた．短い上り時間で実施される体重あたりの長い沈み距離は，トランポリンベッドをより深く沈ませる踏切動作の技術を反映していると考えられる．上り時間と沈み距離の2変数を用いることは，選手や指導者にとって理解しやすい踏切動作の指標として活用できる．

Take-off in trampoline in relation to the sinking distance and rising time of the trampoline bed
Because scores in trampoline events are calculated in part from gymnasts' time of flight, the time spent in the air should be as long as possible. In terms of physical dynamics, the time that a gymnast is in the air during a vertical jump depends on take-off speed. However, because the take-off speed of trampoline jumps depends on the elasticity of the bed, gymnasts’ time of flight is affected by the upward speed of the bed from its lowest position to the take-off position. The present study examined trampoline take-offs in relation to sinking distance and rising time, because these 2 variables are the main factors affecting the rising speed of the trampoline bed. The participants were 10 trampoline athletes (age 19.5 ± 1.6 years old, height 163.9 ± 6.7 cm, weight 58.5 ± 8.2 kg, trampoline competitive experience 7.9 ± 4.2 years). Significant positive correlations were found between time of flight and sinking distance (r=0.742, p<0.05) of the trampoline bed, and between time of flight and rising speed (r=0.966, p<0.001), but rising time and time of flight were not significantly correlated (r=-0.391, n.s.). Rising time had less influence on rising speed than sinking distance did. On the other hand, because the contribution of sinking distance and rising time to rising speed depends on characteristics of each gymnast, it is important to examine those two variables at take-off. A negative correlation (r=-0.876, p<0.01) was found between sinking distance per body weight and rising time. A larger sinking distance per body weight followed by a shorter rising time may be a consequence of a take-off technique that makes the bed sink deeper. Data on sinking distance and rising time may provide gymnasts and coaches with an easily understood index for evaluating the gymnasts' take-off movements.

本研究は，棒高跳の初心者から初級段階におけるポールを曲げる技能の初期指導についての取組を対象選手の競技パフォーマンス等の向上や練習の困難性を手がかりに，取組の妥当性について分析・検討した．また，それらをもとに初心者指導の指導ステップを再提案した．その結果，従来の指導書等では示されていない“ポールを曲げられない選手がポールを曲げるようになるまで”には，握りの高さの向上，ポールの降ろし動作の徹底，踏切時における両腕の動作の習得，ポールの反発に乗る練習，ロックバックの習得を練習課題として練習・指導ステップで取り組む必要があることが明らかとなった．

Coaching a female high school student in the pole vault: Improved record from 1.70 m to 3.00 m
The present study examined a method of coaching pole vault that was aimed at having athletes acquire the technique of bending the pole when doing a pole vault. The participant was a female high school student who was a beginner in pole vault and who had many difficulties when attempting to improve her performance and in training. Measures taken were changes in her performance in competition and the extent that she had problems in training. As a result of the experience of coaching her, a new method of coaching beginners is proposed, based on opetational Design OODA (D-OODA). In summary, problems that should be tackled in training and coaching include improvement in the place at which the pole is gripped, intensive training on the downward swing of the pole, learning how to use both arms at take off, practice utilizing the rebound of the pole, and acquisition of rockback.

本研究の目的は，大学生を対象とした２つの野外スポーツ実習を事例とし，実習中の活動内容とコンディションとの関連から実習の食事内容について検討し，野外スポーツ・教育現場に活用可能な示唆を得ることである．夏季に6泊7日で行われた遠征型の冒険教育プログラム（32名）と，春季に3泊4日で行われた滞在型組織キャンププログラム（23名）において，参加者の活動量，体組成，尿，食事摂取内容と量，満足度，主観的コンディション評価を実施し，分析を行った．結果から，対象者の活動中のコンディションに対する食事の影響が示唆され，対象者の体格や活動内容，環境によるエネルギー消費量の違いや，活動目的を考慮した食事計画の必要性，水分摂取を促進する努力の必要性，行動食のより効果的な活用についての課題が示された．より活動に適した食事計画と水分摂取の実践によって，さらに安全で高い学習効果のある野外活動につながることが期待される．

Case studies about diet of university students who participated in outdoor field classes: In relationships with outdoor activities and conditions of students
The present study aimed to collect data with the goal of improving the diet of university students who are engaged in an outdoor field class. The participants were 32 university students who participated in a 7-day adventure education program during the summer, and 23 students who participated in an overnight-stay camp program for 4 days in the spring. Their activities, the composition of their bodies, the quantity of urine, what food they ate and how much, their satisfaction, and their subjective evaluation of their physical condition were analyzed. The results suggest that the participants’ diet had an effect on their condition during the program. Planning for athletes’ meals during program should take into account factors such as the participants’ physical status, the content of the activities, energy consumption in that environment, a plan for their diet that considers the purpose of their activities, and encouragement of increased water intake. In the future, more effort should be made to incorporate this kind of data when planning meals that are suitable for the activities that students are engaging in, as well as to encourage them to increase their water intake. The result is likely to be safer and more efficient learning from outdoor field classes.

本研究は，若年者，中年者，自立している地域在住の高齢者，ならびに介護保険制度における要介護状態の前段階である要支援者に対して，ADLの基本動作である歩行，椅子からと床からの起居の動作時間を求め，その相違について検証し，最大努力を伴わないADL動作遂行時間から機能的自立度評価の可能性を検討することとした．その結果，高齢者に対して簡便に機能的自立度評価や判定を行うには，過大な努力を要求しないADL動作の遂行時間のみからでは限界があり，今後は運動学的な観点から動作の質や動きを含んだ評価法の確立を検討していく必要性が示された.

Examination of the usefulness of measuring the time taken for activities of daily living for an evaluation of the functional independence of older people
The present cross-sectional study examined the possibility of evaluating functional independence of people at various ages and stages of independence. The participants were young people (average age 22 years; 10 men, 1 woman), middle-aged people (average age 43 years; 5 men 1 woman), older people living independently (average age 70 years; 2 men, 8 women), and older people attending a day care program (average age 72 years; 2 men, 6 women). The time taken for movements involved in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) that did not require a lot of effort, such as walking and standing-up from a seated position was measured. The results indicated that the time that the participants took to perform those movements was, by itself, not sufficient to enable an overall evaluation and judgment of the functional independence of the older participants. In future research, an evaluation method that includes an assessment of the quality of movements from a kinematic view should be taken into account.

野球の指導言語には,「最短距離で打つ」「腰を回す」「ボールを叩く」「芯でミートする」等があるが,それらの即時的な影響は明らかではない.そこで,本研究は野球における打撃時の指導言語が中学生のスイング特性に及ぼす影響を検証する.中学軟式野球部に所属する選手22名を対象に,指導言語を被験者に教示し,各指導言語で教示前後のスイング特性の変化を分析した.統計処理は二元配置分散分析を用いて,指導言語の教示による測定前後の数値の変化を分析した.その結果「最短距離で打つ」はコンパクトなスイングへと変化し,「ボールを叩く」では,コンパクトなスイングへと変化し,加えてバットヘッドが水平方向に近づき,スイング軌道が下向きに変化した.また,その他の指導言語では有意な変化は認められなかった.以上の結果から,各指導言語がもたらすスイング特性への影響が示された.

Influence of a batting coach's instructions on characteristics of the swing of junior high school baseball players
Coaches’instructions in baseball include “hit the ball toward the shortest distance to the fence,” “hit the ball,” “hit it in the sweet spot,” and “turn your hips,” but the immediate effects of these instructions on the players’ performance are unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of these instructions on characteristics of batters’ swings. The participants were members of a junior high school rubber-ball baseball club. The players (N=22) were given the four instructions above, and changes in the characteristics of their swing before and after the instructions were measured using a swing tracer. The influence of each of the instructions was compared with a two-way analysis of variance, and a post-hoc test was applied using the Bonferroni method. The results indicated that the radius of rotation of the bat was reduced after the batters were told to “hit toward the shortest distance.” After the batters were told to “hit the ball,” the radius of rotation of the bat was reduced, the bat head angle rose to become more horizontal, and the swing trajectory shifted downward. No changes in swing characteristics were observed following the other two instructions. These findings suggest that some of a coach’s instructions may effect swing characteristics.

これまで筆者らは，大学女子バスケットボール選手を対象に，体力や技術面の問題を個別に抽出し，トレーナーがその解決策を処方する個人トレーニングの有効性について報告してきた．しかしこの手法だけでは，選手自身で問題解決を行う能力が養成されにくいという課題もあった．そこで本研究では，大学1年生の6名の選手が，問題解決策を自分で考えて実行するという取り組みを2種類のやり方で行い，それぞれの効果を事例的に検討した．研究1では，抽出された問題の解決策を全て選手に考えさせ，そのまま実行させたところ，6名中5名で目的の能力が向上した．しかし，トレーニング種目の選択に不十分さが目立つなど，課題が残された． そこで研究2では，トレーニング種目の選定時にトレーナーが適宜アドバイスを行い，選手もその趣旨を理解した上で実行した．その結果，6名全員で目的とした能力が向上した．以上の結果から，本対象にとって，研究2の手法は研究1よりも有効と考えられたが，トレーニング種目の最終決定までにそれぞれの選手が要した時間には個人差があった．したがって，トレーナーは選手の情報を収集する能力や情報を分析する能力に応じてアドバイスを行っていくことが重要であると示唆された．

Teaching university female basketball players to train themselves: player-initiated and interactive methods
The present authors have reported on effects of training in which a trainer identifies physical and technical problems of individual university female basketball players and develops solutions for each of them. However, with this method, the players are not taught how to solve such problems on their own. The present study examined methods for teaching athletes to identify solutions and carry them out by themselves. The participants were 6 first-year university student basketball players. In Study 1, the students were requested to develop solutions for specific problems and to execute them. After that, 5 of the 6 athletes improved on the targeted ability, but problems remained, such as inappropriately chosen training items. In Study 2, the trainer gave advice on the selection of items to be trained, and the players developed solutions. Using this procedure, all 6 players improved on the targeted abilities. The method used in Study 2 appeared to be more effective than that in Study 1, but there were individual differences in the time required to make decisions about the training items. Therefore, it is suggested that trainers give advice in accordance with players’ ability to collect and analyze information.