下川美佳(鹿屋体育大学)，金高宏文(鹿屋体育大学)，竹中健太郎(鹿屋体育大学)，近藤亮介(鹿屋体育大学)，濱中 良(米子工業高等専門学校)，前田 明(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は，踏み込み動作の修正により右足踵部痛を改善した剣道競技者（S競技者）の取り組み事例について報告した．具体的には剣道競技者における，足裏全体踏み込みの習得過程と右足踵部痛改善前後の動作について比較し，踏み込み動作の修正により右足踵部痛を改善した事例の提示を目的とした．S競技者は，踵踏み込みを「つま先踏み込み」や「足裏全体踏み込み」に修正し，右足踵部痛を緩和させた．この右足踵部痛の緩和は，「体の重心を低くし右足指を丸める意識をした」ことで，踵に受ける衝撃が変わり，衝撃力や足底力を低下させたものと推察された．さらに，「足指を広げて踏む意識」をしたことにより，踵に受ける衝撃を足裏全体に分散したとも考えられる．以上のことから，踏み込み動作を「体の重心を低くし右足指を丸める意識」と「足指を広げて踏む意識」で修正することで，右足踵部痛は緩和する可能性が示唆された．

Lessening pain in the heel of the right foot of a kendoka by correcting the step-in motion
The present study examined a method for lessening pain in the heel of the right foot of kendoka S by correcting the step-in motion. The motions of the sole of foot when the kendoka was learning the step-in process and the motions before and after improvement in the pain were compared. From that analysis, a step-in motion to lesson the pain was proposed. S changed the step-in process from heel-first step-in to toe-first step-in or-sole step-in, and the pain was lessened. It was speculated that keeping the center of gravity of the body low and curling up the big toe of the right foot was the change that resulted in reducing the impact force to the heel. Further, by spreading the toes at step-in, force was dispersed to the whole sole of the foot. These results suggest that the pain in the heel of the right foot could be lessened by keeping the center of gravity of the body low, curling up the big toe of the right foot, and spreading the toes of the right foot when stepping in.

與谷謙吾(鹿屋体育大学), 前阪茂樹(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は剣道で使用される特定の胴張型の竹刀を対象に，測定位置が異なる2つのストレインゲージセンサ(A33.5, B59.5)を用いて，打突以前の前方へ回転移動中の撓みについて調査した．その結果，実験1において，竹刀は回転移動開始から早期に変化を示し，回転移動方向と逆方向へ撓むことが明らかとなった．一方，竹刀の撓みの程度(ピーク)については，各センサ間で違いが観察された．実験1の結果を踏まえ，実験2においては，その範囲を回帰式を用いて算出したところ，A33.5が0.3-0.5cm，B59.5が0.4-0.7cmとなり，いずれも1cm未満の範囲であるものの，計測位置によって撓み量が異なることが示唆された.

Does the bamboo sword (shinai) used in kendo deflect during a forward swing? Investigation using a dobari type of shinai
The present study examined the deflection of the dobari-type of bamboo sword (shinai) used in kendo. The center of gravity of dobari-type shinai is located more toward the grip side, compared to other shinais. Because of this, they are easier to handle and feel lighter to swing. The deflection of the shinai during a forward swing was measured using two strain gauge sensors (A33.5 and B59.5). The sensors were placed 33.5 cm and 59.5 cm, respectively, from the tip of the shinai. In Experiment 1, the shinai was deflected in the opposite direction to the swing. Differences in the amount of deflection were found when the sensors’ measurements were compared (A33.5 < B59.5). In Experiment 2, the amount of deflection was calculated. At A33.5, it ranged from 0.3-0.5 cm, whereas at B59.5, it ranged from 0.4-0.7 cm. These results suggest that when the shinai is deflected during a forward swing, the amount of deflection observed depends on the location of the measuring point.

橋本恒(大阪教育大学),　柴原基(しばはら整形外科スポーツ関節クリニック),　水田有樹(しばはら整形外科スポーツ関節クリニック),　水島健太郎(誠仁会大久保病院),　久須美雄矢(誠仁会大久保病院)

［目的］本研究では非特異的腰痛と梨状筋症候群(以下PS)との関連を考察し,非特異的腰痛への多角的な理解を深めることによって，当該の腰痛に対する適切な対処方法の提案を目的とする.［方法］非特異的腰痛と診断されたスポーツ選手20名と腰痛を持たないスポーツ選手22名(コントロール群)を対象とし,超音波診断装置Aixplorerから得た治療前後の梨状筋中間部の弾性率の測定,下肢伸展挙上検査,股関節屈曲外転外旋検査,およびNumerical Rating Scalの4つの測定項目から得られた数値の有意差を治療前後に検証し,併せてコントロール群の数値においても検証した.［結果］調査対象者の治療前後を比較した結果、上記の4項目全てにおいて数値は有意に低値を示すとともに,治療後とコントロール群間では有意差は確認できなかった.［考察］PSを伴う神経絞扼の解放および仙腸関節の機能不全の修正により,非特異的腰痛の減少に有用であると思われる.［結論］PSが非特異的腰痛の原因の一つであると示唆された.また,超音波診断装置Aixplorerを用いることにより,非特異的腰痛の原因がPSと疑われるスポーツ選手の評価において,無痛かつ非侵襲的にして客観的な診断方法であることも明らかにされた.

A new method for diagnosing and evaluating athletes’ nonspecific low back pain using ultrasound elastography: focusing on piriformis syndrome
[objective] The present study examined the relationship between nonspecific low back pain and piriformis syndrome (PS), in order to gain a better understanding of nonspecific low back pain.
[method] Participants were 20 athletes with nonspecific low back pain and 22 athletes without back pain (control group). The elasticity of the central segments of the piriformis muscle was measured before and after treatment using ultrasound elastography (Aixplorer). From examination of the results of measuring the extension and elevation ability of the lower leg, results when bending and from hip adduction and abduction, a numerical rating scale was developed to enable comparison between the participants’ scores before and after the treatment, as well as in comparison to the control group’s scores, in order to examine the efficacy of the treatment.
[results] All 4 measurements had significantly lower values after treatment compared to before treatment. No significant difference was observed between the after-treatment measures of the participants with back pain and those in the control group.
[discussion] Release of nerve compression associated with piriformis syndrome and treatment of dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint may well be useful for reducing nonspecific low back pain.
[conclusion] Piriformis syndrome may be one of the causes of nonspecific low back pain; treatment of dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint may well be useful in reducing piriformis syndrome. Ultrasound elastography (Aixplorer) may be useful with athletes whose nonspecific low back pain may have been caused by piriformis syndrome, as an objective, non-invasive, pain-free diagnostic method.

濱中良(米子工業高等専門学校)，森木隆(NIFSスポーツクラブ)，南雅樹(米子工業高等専門学校)，金高宏文(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は，満60歳から陸上競技の100m走を開始し，満67歳まで100m走の記録を大幅に短縮させたマスターズアスリート（A競技者）の約10年間の取り組み過程を提示・分析した事例研究である．A競技者は，体育系大学生および大学院生がコーチを務める陸上サークルに所属しており，週2回（年間約80日，月間約7日），1回 90分間のトレーニングを満60歳から約10年間継続していた．その結果，A競技者は，100m走の記録を満60歳16.43s（-1.5）から満67歳13.91s（+1.4）へ記録を大幅に短縮させた．記録を短縮させた前後の疾走フォームを比較すると足先の軌跡に変化が生じており，100mの総歩数も約6歩減少していた．本事例を俯瞰的に検討すると，�@ 60代の運動経験がほとんどないマスターズアスリートでも週2回1回90分の練習量により，100m走の記録を大幅に短縮できる可能性があること．�Aマスターズアスリートの疾走フォームの改善で離地後に踵を速く臀部に引きつける意識が手がかりとなる場合があること．�B疾走フォームや運動意識のありようで，大腿部前後の肉離れなどを頻発する場合があること，などの実践知が導出された．

Results of 10 years’ training for the 100-meter dash of a masters sprinter: change in performance from when he was 60 years old to when he was 67 years old
The present study analyzed the training of a masters sprinter (athlete A) who started training for the 100-meter dash when he was 60 years old, and who improved his record dramatically by the time he was 67 years old. Athlete A was a member of a track and field club; the club’s coaches were students of a university of physical education and its graduate school. Athlete A trained 90 minutes at a time, twice a week, for a total of 80 days a year (7 days per month), for almost 8 years. His results for the 100-meter dash improved from 16.43 sec (-1.5) when he was 60 years old to 13.91 sec (+1.4) when he was 67 years old. Comparing his running form before and after the training, the path of his toe movement changed, and he took 6 fewer steps in the 100-meter dash. The results indicated that (a) it was possible, even for a 60-year-old masters athlete without previous sports experience, to improve significantly in the 100-meter dash by doing 90 minutes of training twice a week, (b) his running form may have improved as a result of his drawing his ankle more quickly toward his hip, and (c) the frequency of his having a pulled thigh muscle depended on his running form and motor consciousness.

一川大輔(東洋大学), 山口郁弥(ＪＲ東日本スポーツ株式会社), 高田基希(株式会社フィットベイト), 宮澤太機(至学館大学), John Patrick SHEAHAN(山梨学院大学) , 奥田功夫(東京国際大学)

ゴルフにおいて，水平方向へのクラブヘッドスピード（Club Head Speed: CHS）はボールの飛距離と強い相関関係がある．しかしながら，CHSとウェイトトレーニング (Weight training: WT) における様々なパラメータとの関係性はよくわかっていない．そこで本研究は，上肢と下肢の挙上重量および，上肢と体幹部のピーク速度とピークパワーを測定し，CHSとの関係性を調査することを目的とした．本研究の参加者は，20名の国内大学トップリーグに所属する大学男子競技ゴルフ選手であった．参加者は，ベンチプレス (Bench press: BP)およびスクワット(Squat: SQ)での1RM (Repetition maximum)を推定し，その後，BPとSQでは体重 (Body weight: BW)の30%, 50%負荷を利用し，垂直方向へのピーク速度 (Peak velocity: PV) とピークパワー (Peak power: PP)をFiTRO Dyne premiumを用いて測定した．またスイング動作でのPPを測定するため，Keiser’s Functional Trainerを用いて1.5kgと5.0kg負荷でのPPも測定した．我々は，CHSとこれらのパラメータとの関係性についてステップワイズ法を用いて調査した．その結果，Max BP (73.2%)とSQ PV 30%BW (29.6%)によってCHSの77.0%を予測できることが明らかとなった．これらの結果により，CHSは大胸筋群の筋力および股関節と膝関節の伸展速度による貢献度が高いことが示唆された．

Using weight training variables to predict club head speed in male collegiate golfers
In golf, horizontal club head speed (CHS) is strongly correlated with ball carry. However, a relationship between club head speed and various weight training parameters (WT) has not been established. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between club head speed and one-repetition maximum (1RM), peak velocity (PV), and peak power (PP) of the arms, trunk, and legs. The participants were 20 male competitive golfers who compete in the Japanese college top league. They were tested for 1RM in bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) exercises, and then measured for peak velocity and peak power at 30% and 50% body weight (BW) load in a vertical direction during bench press and squat using a FiTRO Dyne Premium system. Peak power during swing motion with a loading of 1.5 and 5.0 kg was also measured, using a Keiser Functional Trainer. The relationship between club head speed and these parameters was examined, using stepwise analysis. The results showed that maximum bench press (73.2%) and peak velocity during squat loading 30% body weight (29.6%) significantly predicted 77.0% of club head speed. These results suggest that increasing chest muscle strength and hip and knee extension velocity may be effective for improving club head speed.

飯沼素子(フリージャーナリスト), 鳥居昭久(愛知医療学院短期大学)

基本的な野球競技能力を，走力（50m走，ベースランニング），投力（投球速度，遠投距離），打力（スイングスピード）の3つに分け，全国の現役女子軟式野球選手（中学生，高校生，大学生，社会人）を対象に5種目の測定を行い，その実態を明らかにした．全ての種目，年代において，平均値以上の群の野球経験年数は平均値未満の群を上回り，女子野球選手の競技能力には経験年数が影響することが明らかになった．また女子野球選手の平均値は，一般女性の平均値より高く，男子中学野球選手の平均値より低かった．男子中学野球選手の能力と本研究の女子中学生の能力比較からは，主に以下のことが明らかになった．1.男女とも中学時代に最も向上するのは遠投力である．2. 向上率で最も大きな男女差が現れるのも遠投力である．3. 中学3年時の男女の平均値の差は，ベースランニング13.4％，投球速度22.8％，遠投距離30.7％，スイングスピード13.6％で，女子が低かった． 4. 種目によって男女差は異なる．現在使われている女子軟式野球の小さなグラウンドサイズ（塁間25m，投本間17m）は，「女子の能力は男子より一律10％程度低いだろう」という推測のもとに作られているため，本研究で走力と投力の男女差が一律ではないことや，具体的な数値が明らかになったことは，今後の女子野球の競技規定を考えるうえで重要である．

Survey of the physical abilities of female players of rubber baseball
The purpose of this survey was to measure and analyze the running, pitching, and hitting ability of female players of rubber baseball in Japan. The participants were junior high school students, high school students, university students, and adult amateur rubber baseball players. The results were compared with data available for women who did not play rubber baseball and male junior high school baseball players. The items surveyed were 50-m (54.68-yard) dash time, base running speed, fastball velocity, throwing distance, and bat swing speed. The results showed that the female players whose scores were above the average had had more playing years than those scoring below average, which suggests that years of experience has a positive influence on the performance of the players. The average scores of women players of rubber baseball were higher than those of women who did not play rubber baseball and lower than those of male junior high-school baseball players. Comparison between the male and female junior high-school players showed the following:
1.Comparing junior high school students in the three junior high grades, the ability of throwing distance of both the boys and the girls increased more than any other motion measured.
2.The largest gender difference during junior high school was found in the rate of increase of throwing distance.
3.Differences of various sizes between the 9th grade boys’ scores and the girls’ were found, depending upon the ability measured. The girls’ averages were 13.4% lower than the boys’ in base running, 22.8% in fastball speed, 30.7% in throwing distance, and 13.6% in bat swing speed.
The size of the field used for women’s rubber baseball is 25 m (82 feet) between the bases and 17 m (55.77 feet) between the pitcher’s mound and the home plate. The decision to use a smaller field was based on the assumption that women’s abilities are 10%. less than men’s. This survey provides data that shows that gender differences between scores depend on the ability being measured. This will serve as a basis for reconsideration of the present competition rules for women’s baseball.

百瀬容美子(常葉大学), 伊藤 宏(静岡大学)

本研究の目的は，先天全盲児・者向けに作成した運動イメージ生成指導法の効果を検証することであった．研究協力者は，先天全盲のブラインドサッカー選手3名（実践事例2名，統制事例1名）であった．運動イメージ生成指導法は，心理療法の動作法の要素を含むものであった．結果として，動作獲得とフォーム修正が困難だといわれてきた先天全盲選手の動作スキルと運動イメージ生成スキルに寄与すると考えられた．

Use of an imagery training method with soccer players who are blind
The present study observed effects of imagery training on the play of athletes who were congenitally blind. The participants were three male soccer players (intervention N=2, control N=1) who were congenitally blind. The imagery training method used in this study included components of the Dohsa-Hou, which is a Japanese psychorehabilitative program that includes mental and physical relaxation, and which can be used for physical education. The results suggested that athletes who are congenitally blind and who have difficulty learning movements and correcting their form may be able, through imagery training, including the Dohsa-Hou technique, to improve their ability to kick a ball and their imagery skills in blind soccer.

青木 竜(鹿屋体育大学)，西川雄人(鹿屋体育大学)，堀尾郷介(鹿屋体育大学)，甲斐智大(鹿屋体育大学)，高井洋平(鹿屋体育大学)

サッカー選手が試合時に高いパフォーマンスを発揮するためには，無酸素性および有酸素性作業能力をシーズン時に維持または向上させることが必要である．本研究は，大学男子サッカー選手49名を対象に，トレーニング内容および試合出場時間との関連からみた異なるカテゴリーに登録された選手（Top，1st，2nd）のフィールドテストの成績のシーズン変化を明らかにすることを目的とした．プレ，イン，エンドシーズンに，跳躍，疾走，方向転換，ドリブル能力及び間欠的持久力（YYIR1）を測定した．Top群では，YYIR1の成績がシーズンを通して有意に増加した．2nd群では，跳躍能力およびYYIR1の成績がシーズンを通して有意に増加した．1st群では，シーズン中に鉛直方向の跳躍能力のみ有意に増加した．ドリブルテストのタイムは，いずれの群も有意に短縮した．プロアジリティテストのタイムは，いずれの群も有意に増加した．試合の出場時間に関連したフィールドテストの成績は，ほとんどの項目において有意な変化がみられなかった．以上のことから，大学サッカー選手のシーズン中のフィールドテストの成績は日々のトレーニング内容の影響を受けるが，試合出場時間の影響は少ないことが明らかとなった．

Effects of physical training on within-season variation of aerobic and anaerobic work ability of university soccer players
In order for soccer players to perform at a high level in games, it is necessary for them to maintain or improve their aerobic and anaerobic work ability during the soccer season. The present study examined within-season variations in the field test results of 49 university soccer players. The players were categorized into top, first, and second groups in terms of their training program and game participation time. Measurements were made of their ability to jump, run, change direction, and dribble; in addition, their intermittent endurance was tested with the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1: YYIR1). During the season, results on these tests of the players in the top group improved significantly, and the jumping ability and YYIR1 scores of the players in the second group improved significantly. On the other hand, only the vertical jumping ability of the players in the first group improved. For the players in all three groups, dribble test time shortened significantly, and Pro-Agility test time increased significantly. No significant change was found in the field test results relating to game participation time. These results suggest that the field test results during a season may be affected by daily training but not by game participation time.

小原侑己(鹿屋体育大学)，木葉一総(鹿屋体育大学)，山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

大学女子バスケットボール選手8名を対象として，当該競技に求められると考えた14の基礎的な体力・技術についての測定を行った．加えて，競技場面で求められる実戦的な体力・技術に関する14の能力について，指導者の主観的な評価を数値化した．そして，両者を組み合わせて選手の長短所がわかるフィードバックシートを作成し，個人面談により個々の選手の意見も聴取した上で，各選手の課題に合わせたトレーニングを実施した．8名のトレーニング方針は，�@垂直方向への跳躍能力の改善(3名)，�A連続的な跳躍能力の改善(1名)，�B持久力の改善(2名)，�C下肢の筋力の改善(2名)の4種類となり，それぞれ週3回の頻度で5週間のトレーニングを行った．その結果，8名中7名で，課題としていた基礎体力が改善した．選手の内省報告でも「自分の伸ばしたい能力を鍛えることでモチベーションを保ちやすかった」など肯定的な意見が多かった．また「ディフェンス時に低い姿勢が保てるようになった」など，トレーニングによる基礎体力の向上を練習や試合で実感している選手も多かった．以上を考察した結果，本手法は個々の選手の基礎体力を改善する上で効果が高いと考えられた．

Method aimed at improving the competitive skill of university female basketball players by using subjective and objective evaluations: Part 2 Effects of individualized training programs based on interviews utilizing the evaluation results
In the present study, 8 university women basketball players were measured on 14 items objectively evaluating their physical strength and technical skills that are fundamental for basketball. In addition, their coaches’ subjective evaluations of 14 abilities concerned with practical physical strength and techniques that are required in basketball games were quantified. Combining those two sets of data, a feedback sheet was produced to show each player’s strong and weak points; the feedback sheets were then given to each individual player in an interview in which the subject’s opinion was requested. Then, training programs based on these fundamentals were designed to focus on each individual’s problems. The training programs were divided into the 4 categories in which individual players had shown need for improvement: (a) vertical jumping ability for 3 players, (b) repetitive jumping ability for 1 player, (c) endurance for 2 players, and (d) leg muscle strenght for 2 players. The training was conducted 3 times a week for 5 weeks. The measures taken after the conclusion of the training showed that 7 of the players’ fundamental physical strength had improved. The players’ introspective reports also revealed positive opinions such as that they had maintained high motivation during the training because it was aimed at improving their own weaknesses. Other comments from the players confirmed their self-realization of improvement in their fundamental physical strength through the training, such as by reporting that it had become possible to keep a low posture in the defense phase. These results suggest that this method may be effective for improving the fundamental physical strength of individual players.

岡村修平(鹿屋体育大学)，��橋仁大(鹿屋体育大学)，小笠希将(大阪大学)，村上俊祐(鹿屋体育大学)，柏木涼吾(鹿屋体育大学)

テニスのサービスは試合を優位に進めるために重要だが，苦手意識のあるコースでは，その精度が低下する傾向にある．本研究では，この原因がサービス時の注意の向け方 (身体運動か身体運動以外か) に起因するか，また，身体運動以外への注意を促す教示が，サービス精度低下の予防に有効かを検討した．参加者は，大学男子テニス選手9名とした．実験課題は，得意・苦手コースを狙った第1サービスとし，何も教示しない「教示無し条件」，3打先までのプレーを予測させる「予測条件」の2条件で行わせた．結果として，苦手コースのサービスで，参加者が過度に身体運動に注意を向けるという現象は見られなかった．これは，苦手コースの精度低下は，注意の観点から説明できないことを示す．一方，予測条件では，球の回転数および正確性が有意に向上した．このことは，試合展開の予測がサービス・パフォーマンス向上に有効である可能性を示唆するが，その効果は，教示無し条件で身体運動以外に注意を向けている選手に限定された．つまり，サービス時にゲーム展開を予測することは，サービス精度の向上に有益ではあるが，選手の特性に合わせて利用することが望ましいと考えられる．

Influences of predicting the development of the game on the accuracy of serves in tennis
In tennis, a good serve is important for dominating in games, but the accuracy of serves tends to decrease after a bad serve in which the ball ends up in an area other than where the server intended. The present study examined whether this decrease is caused by servers’ attention to their movements or other factors, and whether advising them to attend to something other than their own movements would be an effective way to prevent the decrease in the accuracy of serves. The participants were 9 university male tennis players. The study focused on the first serve, targeting both good and bad serves under two conditions: (a) a no-advice condition, in which no advice was given to the players, and (b) a prediction condition, in which the players predicted where the ball would land on the next 3 serves. The results indicated that when the players made a bad serve, there was no tendency for them not to attend to their movements. This suggests that the decrease in accuracy of serves after a poor serve is not caused by a lack of attention. On the other hand, in the prediction condition, ball spin and the accuracy of serves significantly increased. This suggests that having players predict the game development may be an effective way to improve their serves. However, this effect was found only in those players who had attended to something other than their movements in the no-advice condition. That implies that although predicting the game development when serving may be effective for improving the accuracy of serves, the effectiveness of this method will depend on each player’s character.

林卓史(朝日大学)，島田一志(金沢星稜大学)，奈良隆章(筑波大学)，布施努(慶應義塾大学)，佐野毅彦(慶應義塾大学)

本研究は，ストレートのリリース速度と回転速度が大きくコントロールが不安定な左投げ大学生投手を対象に，コントロール改善のコツをつかんだ過程と奪三振率増加と与四死球率減少のメカニズムを明らかにすることを目的とした事例研究である．方法は，コントロールが不安定な原因を投球腕の遅れとトップポジションの不安定さと見立て，改善策を定性的・定量的に検証した．結果，投げ始めに両手と踏み込み足を高く挙上する動作が，投球腕の遅れを緩和しトップポジションの安定化を，握り方の変更がスライダーの安定化をもたらし，それがストライクゾーンの著しい逸脱を減少させ，コントロールの不安解消が強い腕の振りにつながり，奪三振率の増加と与四死球率の減少に帰結したメカニズムが示唆された．変更の契機はいずれも近距離でのキャッチボールであった．投球動作という暗黙知を理解させるために用いたメタファーを，対象とした投手が咀嚼して感性と調和させたことがコツの獲得につながったことが推察された．

The mechanism for improving baseball pitch control and performance: A case study of a college baseball pitcher who threw high-speed fastballs with high spin rate at release but had trouble with location
The subject of this case study was a left-handed college baseball pitcher who could throw high-speed fastballs with high spin rate at release, but had trouble with location. Our aim was to clarify the process by which he learned to improve pitch control, and the mechanisms for increasing strikeout rate and reducing base-on-balls and hit-by-pitch rates. Our findings show that raising both hands and holding the front foot high at the start of the pitch stabilized the top positions. The slider was stabilized by changing the grip. It was suggested that those changes resulted in a reduction of instances of significant deviation from the strike zone. Reduced anxiety about control led to stronger arm movements, which in turn increased the strikeout rate and reduced base-on-balls and hit-by-pitch rates. Playing catch at close range affected those changes. Our findings suggest that the pitcher assimilated the metaphors used for developing a tacit knowledge of pitching motions, and harmonized those with his sensitivity, resulting in his acquisition of the mechanism for improving pitching performance.

村上光平(鹿屋体育大学)，亀田麻依(鹿屋体育大学)，加藤忠彦(九州産業大学)，鈴木智晴(鹿屋体育大学)，藤井雅文(鹿屋体育大学)，前田明(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は，バドミントンのスマッシュをトレーニングすることが，投球速度および動作に与える影響を実証的に検証することを目的とした．対象者は右投げの大学野球選手2名であった．トレーニングの内容は，10ｍ離れた目標に向けてトスされたシャトルをスマッシュすることとし，20回×5セットを週に4日行ってもらった．測定はトレーニングの開始前（Pre），開始1週間後（Post1），終了後（Post2）の計3回行った．その際，投球速度および動作を測定し，経時的変化を比較した．その結果トレーニング開始前と比較して，トレーニング後は両対象者とも投球速度が有意に増大した（対象者A; +9.4km/h, 対象者B; +13.6km/h)．また，両対象者とも投球腕各部位の速度が変化した．さらに投球腕各部位の獲得速度が増大し，特に手部の最大速度が増大した．これには，力学的に効率的な投球を行うための近位部から遠位部への運動の順序性，いわゆる“運動連鎖”の改善が達成されたためと考えられる．したがって，バドミントンのスマッシュをトレーニングすることは，投球腕の運動連鎖の効率化に有効である可能性が示され，その結果，投球速度の増大に効果があると考えられる．

Influences of badminton smash training on the ball velocity and throwing motions of two baseball players
The present study examined effects of having baseball players practice badminton smash training on the players’ ball velocity and throwing motions. The participants were two right-handed college baseball players. In the training, they smashed a tossed shuttle, aiming at a target 10 meters away, 20 times per set, 5 sets a day, 4 days a week. Their ball velocity and ball velocity were measured 3 times: before the start of training (Pre), after one week of training (Post 1), and after the completion of training (Post 2). The results indicated that the pitching speed of both players increased significantly after training (participant A: +9.4 km/h, participant B: +13.6 km/h). Additionally, the speed and acceleration of the players’ throwing arms increased; in particular, their maximum hand speed increased. This may have been due to an improvement in “kinetic chain”, that is, that order of movement from proximal to distal, resulting in a throwing motion that was more efficient mechanically. This suggests that badminton smash training may improve the motion of baseball players throwing arm effectively, thus increasing ball velocity.

岡本直輝(立命館大学)，山岡涼也(立命館大学)

本研究は，野球における打者の一塁ベ−スへの走塁において駆け抜ける動作とヘッドスライディング動作タイムの比較を行い，一塁への走法について検討した．大学野球部の選手13名を被験者とし，ホ−ムから一塁ベ−スまで疾走させた．一塁ベ−スを駆け抜ける動作と一塁ベ−スでヘッドスライディングを行う動作を3回ずつ行わせた．一塁ベ−ス手前7ｍの位置から一塁ベ−スまでの動作をハイスピ−ドカメラで撮影し，画像からランニングタイムを算出した．大学野球チ−ムの54名を対象にヘッドスラディングについてアンケ−トを実施した．ヘッドスライディング動作タイムが駆け抜ける動作タイムより有意に短い値を示した（p < 0.05）．ヘッドスライディング動作タイムが駆け抜け動作タイムよりも短い者ほど，一塁ベ−ス近くに手を付いていることが明らかとなった．また野球選手54名を対象としたアンケ−トで40％の選手がヘッドスラディング動作で手などに受傷したと回答した．本研究結果は，ヘッドスライディング動作を行うと駆け抜け動作よりも速くなる可能性を示したが，ヘッドスライディング動作を習得することで機動力ある野球を展開できる可能性があると考える．

Styles of running to first base in baseball: comparison of the run-through and diving styles
The present study examined the styles of running to first base that baseball players have been taught to use. The times taken by batters using a run-through style and a diving style were compared. The participants, twelve members of a university male baseball club, were instructed to run at full speed from home plate to first base using the run-through and diving styles, three times each. Their runs were filmed with a high-speed camera from a position 7 m in front of first base, and their running times were calculated from the films. In addition, a questionnaire about the diving style was completed by 54 members of the baseball team. The running times using the diving style were significantly shorter than when the run-through style was used (p<0.05). The data also revealed that the participants whose diving style running times were shorter than their run-through times were diving with their hands near first base. On the questionnaires, 40% of the players on the team responded that they had experienced injuries, such as to their hands, when they had used the diving style. The results of this study suggest that the diving style may be faster than the run-through style, but if players are trained in the diving style, their baseball playing may become more maneuverable.

藤野和樹(千葉商科大学)，八田直紀(神奈川大学)，木内敦詞(筑波大学)

本研究は，大学体育バドミントン授業受講者における競技経験と技能レベルとの関係性を明らかにすることを目的とした．対象者はC大学及びD大学でバドミントン授業を履修した148名であり，バドミントンの技能と相関が高いとされるフォアハンドによるロングサービスを試技させた．飛距離ごとに得点を付与し，その得点をもとに技能レベルを3群に分類した上で，これまでの競技経験との関係について検討した．その結果，中学校期高校期ともに，上級群ではバドミントン経験者と打具操作種目が，初級群では運動部経験なしが有意に多かった（p＜0.01）．この結果から，バドミントンを含め打具操作種目を経験していない学習者には，打具の操作が大きな課題となり得ることが明らかとなった．

Relationships between competitive sports experience and skill level of students enrolled in university physical education badminton courses
The present study aimed to clarify relationships between competitive sports experience and the skill level of students in university physical education badminton classes. The participants were 148 students who were enrolled in badminton classes at Universities C and D. Each participant’s badminton skill was rated as high, medium, or low, based on the participant’s forehand long serve score, which is a measure of badminton skill. Their previous sports experience was then compared to their badminton skill level. Those with a high level of skill at badminton were significantly more likely to have participated in badminton or another sport involving a hitting motion during their middle or high school years, whereas those with a low level of skill in badminton were significantly less likely to have had experience engaging in sports during their middle or high school years (p<0.01). These results suggest that, for university students, learning to use hitting equipment, such as rackets, may be more difficult for those who have had no prior experience with racket sports like badminton or other sports that involve hitting motions.

藤井雅文(鹿屋体育大学)，鈴木智晴(鹿屋体育大学)，村上光平(鹿屋体育大学)，前田明(鹿屋体育大学)，中本浩揮(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究は，自己調整学習能力の観点から，高校野球選手の主体的な練習活動と競技レベルとの関係，および指導スタイルと自己調整学習能力の関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．この目的を達成するために，チームの競技レベル，あるいは各個人のチーム内の競技レベル (チーム内立場) によって自己調整学習能力に差異が認められるかどうか検討した．さらに，選手の自己調整学習能力を高める指導方法に関して，チームの運営決定権の委譲 (チームの運営方針を決定するときに指導者が選手に意識して任せること) が，自己調整学習能力を高める指導として有効であるか検討した．その結果，相対的な競技レベルが高いチームでも低いチームでも，同じチームに所属しているメンバー内での競技レベルの良し悪しを決定付けるのは，自己調整学習能力が一つの要因であることが明らかになった．また，運営決定権に関しては，指導者も選手も選手に運営決定権があると認識している「選手主導」のチームの選手は，指導者に運営決定権があると認識している「指導者主導」のチームの選手よりも高い自己調整学習能力を示したが，その差は大きなものではなかった．従って，指導者の運営決定権の委譲スタイルだけでは選手の自己調整学習能力に影響を与えることはできないということが示唆された．

Relationship of self-regulation learning ability, game power, and coaching style in high school baseball
The present study investigated relationships between players’ voluntary training and game power, and between coaching style and self-regulation learning ability in high school baseball players by examining how teams’ game power and the game power of individuals on the team affected the players’ self-regulation learning ability. Coaching methods for improving players’ self-regulation learning ability were also investigated by examining the extent that delegation of decision making authority, in which the coach left decisions about team operation to the players, improved those players’ self-regulation ability. It was found that, regardless of the degree of relative game power, self-regulation learning ability was a key to deciding the game power of the members of a team. The examination of operational decision-making authority revealed that the players on teams where both the coach and the players felt that the players could take initiatives showed higher self-regulation learning ability than the players on teams where the players felt that their coach retained the decision-making authority. However, the differences observed were rather small, suggesting that delegation of a coach’s decision-making authority may not have much effect on players’ self-regulation learning ability.

栫ちか子(鹿屋体育大学)，山本正嘉(鹿屋体育大学)

本研究では，ラジオ体操第1をヒントとして，安全かつ快適な登山に有効な「身のこなし」の獲得が期待できる「登山体操」を開発することを目的とした．まず，登山に必要とされる動きや，改善させたい身体能力を考慮し，10種類の動きを筆者が制作・提案し，共同研究者と共に動きの修正を図った．その後，修正を加えた10種類の動きをもとにダンス振付家が音楽（曲）をつけ，動きが整理された登山体操（案）が提案された．さらに，筆者と共同研究者で修正を加え，3分間で実施可能な一連の体操を完成させ，10種類の動きについて，予想される効果と動きの注意点をまとめた．完成した登山体操について，運動強度をラジオ体操第1との比較により検討した．その結果，登山体操を軽く行った場合には，ラジオ体操を軽く行った場合よりもやや負荷が高いものの，血中乳酸濃度は変化しなかった．一方，激しく行った場合には血中乳酸濃度の増加につながる高い負荷をかけられたことから，運動強度を幅広く調節することが可能であり，年齢や性別によらず，各人の体力レベルに応じて活用できると考えられた．

Development of mountaineering gymnastic exercises designed to improve movements made during mountain climbing
The aim of the present study was to develop a “mountaineering gymnastics”that could teach movements useful for safe and comfortable mountain climbing, based on hints from “radio gymnastics #1”. In Japan,“radio gymnastics” refers to a prescribed set of exercises that can be done by anyone; the participants do exercises in a set sequence while listening to an NHK radio program that provides instructions and rhythmic music. First, the present author designed ten kinds of exercises that were related to movements required for mountain climbing, while considering the physical abilities that needed to be improved. These exercises were later improved with the assistance of a colleague. A dance choreographer then added music. The author and her colleague further adjusted the exercise program so that it could be done in 3 minutes. Expected effects and points to be noted were then summarized. The intensity of these exercises was compared with the intensity of radio gymnastics #1. When these exercises were done gently, the work load was slightly higher than from doing radio gymnastics #1, but the concentration of blood lactic acid was at the same level. On the other hand, when these exercises were done vigorously, the high work load resulted in a higher concentration of blood lactic acid. This suggests that by controlling the intensity of the exercises, these mountaineering gymnastic exercises could be done by people at any level of physical strength, regardless of gender and age.