本研究は大学男子軟式野球選手を対象に，打席前にウォーターバッグを使用することを提案するため，実際に使用した選手の内省を調査した．被検者は競技歴10年以上の選手10名とした．ウォーターバッグエクササイズ実施後に使用感とスイング速度に対する内省を確認するため，3 kgのウォーターバッグを用いて，最大努力で回旋運動を連続で10回行った後に全力でスイングを実施した．その後，ウォーターバッグの使用感とスイング速度に対する内省報告をとった．その結果ウォーターバッグを使用した感想は，多くの被検者が「実際に振ると水が左右に動きウォーターバッグに振られている感覚があった」と回答した．身体のどの部位に変化を感じたかに対しては「体幹部の腰」という回答が多く，ウォーターバッグ使用後は「腰の回旋速度が速くなった」，「腕よりも腰が先に回旋していた」などの回答があった．速くバットを振れたかについては，被検者全員が「速く振れている感覚があった」と回答した．トレーニングバットと比べた使用感は，全員が「ウォーターバッグ」に好印象を抱いた．以上のことから，大学男子軟式野球選手は打席前にウォーターバッグエクササイズを行うことにより，スイング速度の内省に好影響を感じることが明らかとなった．

Suggestions of exercising with a water-bag before batting: rubber-ball baseball
The present study investigated the brief reports to suggest an exercise with a water-bag before batting in male collegiate rubber-ball baseball. The participants were ten players with more than ten years' experience in baseball competitions. In the exercise, after the participants performed ten repetitions of a twisting motion with a water-bag weighing 3 kg, they swung the bat as fast as they could. After their exercise, they described how they felt about using the water-bag and whether they thought it had influenced their swing velocity. Many of the participants reported a feeling of being twisted around by the water in the bag. They also felt some change in their lower trunk. After they exerted the exercise, they felt that their lower trunk rotated more smoothly and faster than their arms. It seemed to them that their batting swing became faster. All participants agreed that the water-bag exercise was more effective than ordinary exercise with a training bat. The participants’ impressions suggest that exercising with a water-bag before their batting may have positively influenced a batter's swing velocity.

地域在住高齢者を対象にモトタイルを用いて，運動と認知課題を併用した二重課題運動を集団で週2回，12週間実施し，身体機能と認知機能、生活機能への効果を検討した．高齢者21人を基本チェックリスト（KCL）の認知領域の低下に該当がない12人（1群），該当した9人（2群）に分けた．この結果，チェアースタンド，ファンクショナルリーチ，アップアンドゴーに経時効果が認められた．20秒間マーチ時の歩行周期（左脚）の変動係数が小さくなった．KCLの総合点，運動領域点，認知領域点に経時効果が認められた．しかし，認知機能テスト（単純反応課題，Go/Nogo反応，Flanker課題，Stroop課題）に有意な変化が認められなかった．KCL総合点，KCL認知領域点は2群が1群に比べて運動後の変化が大きかった．一方，認知機能テストは 両群で有意な変化が認められなかった．地域在住高齢者に対する集団型による二重課題運動で身体機能，生活機能（KCL総合点と認知領域点）の一部改善が認められ，地域型運動として有効とみられたが，認知機能への効果についてはさらなる検討が求められる．

Effects of dual-task exercises using Moto tiles on the functional fitness and cognitive function of older adults living in the community
The purpose of the present study was to examine effects on the physical and cognitive functions of older adults living in the community of a dual-task exercise that combines exercise and cognitive tasks using Moto tiles, that is, 10 interactive tiles with built-in LED lights that are said to improve the balance, strength, endurance, mobility, and agility of older adults. The participants, 21 older adults, completed the memory domain items of the basic checklist (KCL) of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and, on the basis of the results, were divided into two groups: 12 with no decline (Group 1) and 9 with decline (Group 2). The following functional fitness parameters were examined: 30-sec chair stand (CS30), functional reach (FR), timed up-and-go (TUG), and 20-sec march test cycle time (pace, right foot, left foot), and the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated. Cognitive function was evaluated using a simple reaction task, a Go/No-go reaction time task, the Eriksen flanker task, and the color-word Stroop task. The participants did the exercises twice a week for 12 weeks at the local community center. A repeated measures ANOVA showed a time effect for the 30-second chair stand, functional reach, timed up-and-go, checklist total scores, and the memory and physical domain scores on the checklist. The coefficient of variation of the left leg walking cycle during the 20-sec march test decreased significantly. After exercise, the changes in checklist total scores and cognitive region scores were larger in Group 2 than in Group 1. However, no significant change was observed on any of the cognitive function tests. In the present study, the group-based dual-task exercise for these older adults was associated with some improvement in their functional fitness and living function, so these exercises seem to be useful as a community-based exercise. However, further studies are required on the effects of the exercises on cognitive function.

本研究では，競泳競技で行われているスプリントトレーニング中の動作や泳者が発揮する手部推進力，手部で水を押すために発揮した機械的パワー (PK) を定量的に評価することを目的とした．研究には大学男子競泳選手5名が参加した．試技では，Push-off試技，Float試技，Assist試技，Resist試技の4種類のスプリントトレーニングを1回ずつ行い，試技中は圧力分布計測とモーションキャプチャによる3次元動作分析を行った．その結果，Assist試技が他の3試技と比較して有意に高い泳速度を示したが，平均手部合力やPKは他の3試技と比較して有意に低い値を示した．また，Push-off試技，Float試技，Resist試技における平均手部合力やPKには差が見られなかったが，Resist試技は他の試技と比較して有意に高い最大手部推進力を示した．このように，本研究では競泳競技で取り入れられている4種類のスプリントトレーニングの特徴を定量的に評価することができた．選手や指導者は，それぞれのメリットやデメリットを理解してトレーニングに取り入れることで，より効果的にトレーニングを実施できると考えられる.

Propulsion force of swimmers’ hands and mechanical power in sprint training
The present study reports a quantitative evaluation of the mechanical power (Pk) of the propulsion force of the hands of swimmers when doing sprint training for swimming competitions. The participants were 5 male university swimmers. The swimmers did four kind of sprint training (a push-off trial, a float trial, an assist trial, and a resist trial), once each. During these trials, three-dimensional motion analyses were conducted including measurement of the distribution of pressure and motion capture. The swimming speed in the assist trials was significantly higher than in the other three trials, but the average propulsion force of the swimmers’ hands and their mechanical power were significantly lower. No significant differences were found in average propulsion force or mechanical power in the push-off trials, float trials, and resist trials, but significantly higher maximum propulsion force was found in the resist trials compared to the other trials. In conclusion, the present study enabled a quantitative evaluation of features of 4 methods of sprint training. It is suggested that, for effective training, swimmers and coaches should be more aware of the positive and negative aspects of each of these methods.

本研究は, 今後, より多くのオープンスキル競技への映像遅延再生装置の導入に向けた予備的な調査として, レスリングチームを対象に映像遅延再生システムを導入し, 選手, コーチ, トレーナーの観点から選手のパフォーマンスの向上とトレーニング環境の改善に対する映像遅延再生装置の有効性の検証と現場での使用に向けた問題点を探索することを目的とした. 大学レスリング部に所属する選手17名, コーチ4名, トレーナー3名を対象に, 2か月間映像遅延再生装置を導入した. 装置導入前に, 練習中に生じる課題についてアンケート調査を行ったところ, 76%の選手が実践練習中に「なぜ今点数を取られたのかわからないシーンがある」と回答した. 導入後のアンケートでは, 点数を取られたかわからないシーンがあると回答した76%の選手中85%の選手が「なぜ今点数を取られたのかわからないシーン」の数が装置導入前より減少したと回答した. システム上の改善点は散見されたが, 実戦形式の練習に導入することで, 何が起きたかわからないシーンは減少することが示唆された. コーチ, 選手, トレーナーからの主観的な評価はおおむね良く, 技術の習得や指導の観点から本装置は有効である可能性が示唆された.

Preliminary study of effects of a video delay playback device and problems associated with implementation of the device with a wrestling team
The present study is a preliminary investigation with wrestling teams of an automatic video delay playback device, in order to obtain information prior to the introduction of the device in more open-skill events. Effects of the video delay playback device on the performance of the athletes and on the training environment, and problems with using it were examined from the viewpoint of the wrestlers, coaches, and trainers. The participants were 17 wrestlers, 4 coaches, and 3 trainers from a university wrestling club. When initially asked to describe problems that they had during wrestling practice, 13 of the wrestlers answered that there were occasions in which they were unable to understand why they had received a particular score. Next, the video delay playback device was used for two months and then evaluated by the participants. Of the 13 wrestlers who had answered that there had been occasions in which they were unable to understand why they had received a particular score, 11 reported that using the delay playback device had reduced the number of such occasions. Although some improvements were made in the device, it seems that by introducing the automatic video delay playback device into the wrestlers’ training, the number of occasions in which the athletes did not understand a score that they had received might decrease. The wrestlers’, coaches’, and trainers’ evaluations of the device were generally good, which suggests that it may be effective for skill acquisition and coaching.

本研究では，ソフトボール選手における集団内での打球処理に関する判断の方略について，時空間的情報や選手間での声かけに着目して検討することを目的とした．大学女子ソフトボール部に所属する10名を対象とし，実際のフィールドにおいて，投手，捕手，1塁手，2塁手，3塁手，遊撃手のポジションにつく守備場面を設定した．ノーアウトランナー1塁での送りバントに対して，投手，捕手，1塁手，3塁手のどの選手が打球を処理するかを判断するとともに，送球する塁（1塁または2塁）に関する判断を行う課題を実施した．その結果，打球を処理する選手に関する判断は，捕球位置に関する予測に基づいており，特定の選手が打球を処理するエリアでは，主に打球を処理する選手が意思表示の声かけをしている一方で，複数の選手が打球を処理するエリアでは，打球を処理する選手による意思表示だけでなく，チームメイトへの指示の声かけがより多く行われていることが示された．また，送球する塁の判断には，捕球に要する時間やランナーについての情報が用いられていることが明らかになり，送球する塁に関する正しい判断を行う上では捕球に要する時間についての情報を識別することが重要である可能性が示唆された.

A proposed method for softball players to judge how a team should best handle hit balls
The present study investigated a method for softball players as a group to judge how to handle a hit ball by focusing on spatiotemporal information and communications among the players. The participants were 10 female university softball players whose positions were pitcher, catcher, first base, second base, third base, and shortstop. The present study was conducted in an actual softball field in a condition in which there were no outs and a runner on first base. It was proposed that the batter would make a sacrifice bunt, and the participants were requested to judge which player, that is, the pitcher, the catcher, the first baseman, or the third baseman, should catch the ball, and which player (first base or second base) the ball should be thrown to. The participants’ decisions about which player was responsible for handling the ball depended on their prediction of the location that the ball had been hit to. If it were hit into an area that a specific player handled, that player then would declare her intention to catch and throw the ball. On the other hand, if it were hit into an area that more than one player handled, the player who would catch and throw the ball called out to the others that she would do so and, in addition, gave instructions to the other players. Furthermore, estimates of the time required to catch the ball and the speed of the runner were used to judge which base to throw the ball to. These results suggest that it may be important to identify the time required to catch balls in order to make correct judgments as to the optimum base to throw the ball to.

本研究は，64歳のマスターズの女子短距離走選手に実施した左膝前十字靭帯再建術後の前復帰期におけるアスレチックリハビリテーション（以下，AR）とその効果判定に用いたRebound Jump（以下、RJ）テストの結果を提示し，取り組みの妥当性および実施上のポイントを検討した.ARの目標は，短距離走に必要な下肢の伸張‐短縮サイクル運動の遂行能力を再獲得することとしドロップジャンプやRJなどを組み合わせた.RJテストは，術後157日から308日まで実施しパフォーマンス変数の回復動態について多項式近似曲線を用いて評価した.その結果，左下肢RJでは接地時に膝がつぶれることで起こる接地時間の延伸が生じRJパワーの停滞がみられた.そこで，RJテストによる評価と被験者による内省を考慮しARの内容を微調整しながら負荷を段階的に上げた.その結果，接地時間は術後200日以降から短縮し術後250日付近で横ばいとなった.また，RJパワーは術後250日付近で大会に参加可能なレベルまで回復した.さらに，術後260日目に100m競走の公式大会に出場し競技復帰を果たしたとともにその後も記録を伸ばし続けている.

Athletic rehabilitation and recovery process of the lower limb of a 64-year-old female masters short-distance runner who had had knee surgery
The present report describes the results of athletic rehabilitation (AR) and a rebound jump (RJ) test for evaluating the effects of surgery to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the left knee of a 64-year-old female masters short-distance runner. The report also evaluates the validity and key points of this attempt. The objective of the athletic rehabilitation was to enable the runner to regain the ability to execute extension-contraction cycles in her lower limb. The exercise program combined drop jumps and rebound jumps. A rebound jump test was conducted during the period between 157 and 308 days after the surgery. The recovery dynamics of performance variables were evaluated with a polynomial trend curve. When the runner did a left lower limb rebound jump, her ground contact time was extended because, when she landed, her knee could not support her weight, and her rebound jump power did not change. Then, taking into account the rebound jump test results and the participant’s comments, the load was increased gradually by fine tuning the content of the athletic rehabilitation. Starting 200 days after the operation, her ground contact time shortened; it stabilized after approximately 250 days. Around 250 days after the operation, her rebound jump power had recovered to a level that enabled her to participate in competitions. Furthermore, 260 days after the operation, she achieved full return to her previous condition and participated in an official 100-meter dash competition. Since then, she has continued to improve.

本研究では，男子体操競技における鉄棒の〈前方車輪1回ひねり片手大逆手後ろ振り上がり1回ひねり逆手倒立(ツォ・リミン)〉について練習・指導の事例を示し，筆者が考案した練習方法の有効性を明らかにすることを目的とした．対象者は大学生体操選手1名であり，〈ツォ・リミン〉を実施した経験はなかった．筆者が考案した練習方法を実施させた結果，対象者は〈ツォ・リミン〉を習得することができた．そして，このことから本研究で考案した練習方法が〈ツォ・リミン〉の習得において，有効であることが示唆された．

Coaching a gymnast in the Zou Li Min (on one arm, giant swing forward with 1/1 turn to el-grip and 1/1 turn) on the horizontal bard
The present report describes exercises and coaching techniques for the Zou Li Min performed on the horizontal bar in order to demonstrate effects of an exercise method devised by the first author. The participant was a university student gymnast who had not previously done a Zou Li Min. After practicing the new exercise method, the participant was able to perform a Zou Li Min. This suggests that practicing this exercise method might enable gymnasts to do the Zou Li Min.

本研究の目的は，体操競技におけるゆか運動で扱われる〈接触転向ひねり〉と呼ばれる技のコツを抽出する作業及びそれを基に練習段階の手引きを紹介することである．本研究では金子の発生論的運動学における「消去法」を用いた．検証においては審判員による評価及び自己評価から〈接触転向ひねり〉に必要なコツを明らかにした．その結果以下のコツが〈接触転向ひねり〉を実施するために必要なコツであることが推察された．
・上半身と下半身のねじれを生み出すための旋回中の開脚固定技術
加えて本論では〈接触転向ひねり〉を習得するための6つの練習段階を提案した．

Identifying knacks used for the breakdance in men’s floor exercises and a proposed training method
The purposes of the present study were to introduce a method of extracting the knacks used in variations of breakdancing, which is a men’s floor exercise in gymnastics, and, based on those knacks, to provide suggestions for training in this exercise. The analysis, based on Kaneko’s phenomenological movement theory, was an elimination method in which the structure of a knack is examined by determining whether a movement can be performed when a knack is intentionally not used. The knacks identified were verified through the author’s self assessment, with the assistance of another observer. The results suggested that maintaining a leg split while rotating was necessary when doing breakdance variations in order to generate an upper and lower body twist. In addition, 6 steps for learning breakdance variations are proposed.

トランポリン競技における〈ハーフインハーフアウト〉（抱え型）は後方に2回宙返りする間に1回ひねりを加える複雑な技であるが, 技が狂った際の技術情報が少なく, 学術的な研究もほとんど見当たらない. 本研究は, 筆者の動感を基に発生運動学的な立場から〈ハーフインハーフアウト〉の取り除いてはいけないコツを明らかにし, 指導現場に還元することを目的とした. 分析方法として, 発生運動学における「消去法」を用いた. 「消去法」はある1つのコツを意図的に消去したとき, その運動が遂行できるかどうかを検証することでコツの構造を明らかにしていくものである. 本研究では, 〈ハーフインハーフアウト〉の1回転目の1/2ひねり局面における筆者の4つのコツをそれぞれ意図的に消去して分析を行った. その結果, 《踏み切りと同時に引き上げた右脇の下を左肩上部方向へひねりこませる》, 《踏み切りと同時に左の肩甲骨を内転させるようにして左肩を後方斜め右方向へ引っ張る》という２つの取り除いてはならないコツが明らかになった. また明らかになったコツを基にして練習方法についても提案した.

Phenomenological kinematics study of knacks for the half-in half-out (tuck position) in trampoline
The half-in half-out (tuck position) in trampoline is a complicated movement that includes a half twist when going into a double somersault and another half twist before landing. However, very little technical information is available for players who have problems with this technique, and also very little research has been done on how to coach athletes in this movement. The purpose of the present study, done from the viewpoint of phenomenological theory of movement in sports, was to examine knacks in the half-in half-out that are crucial and hence should not be removed when coaching this movement. The analytical method was an elimination method in which the structure of a knack is examined by determining whether a movement can be performed when a knack is intentionally erased. Each of four knacks used by the first author in the half-twist phase of the first rotation of the half-in half-out was removed. Analysis of the results revealed the following:- At the time of taking off from the trampoline, the athlete pulls his/her right armpit toward the upper part of the left shoulder. - At the time of taking off from the trampoline, the athlete pulls his/her left shoulder diagonally backward and to the right by inverting the left shoulder blade. The discussion suggests training methods based on this clarified understanding of these knacks.

最大筋力は発揮するまでに300 ms以上を要すると言われている．スポーツにおける一つ一つの動作は極めて短い時間の中で行われるため，パフォーマンスには300 ms以内の力発揮が重要と考えられる．そのため，スポーツのパフォーマンスを高めるには最大筋力の向上も重要だが，RFDを向上させる方が重要であると考えられる． RFDを高めるにはトレーニング動作の遂行速度が影響すると考えられているため，本研究では，動作を意識的に最大速度で行う自重負荷スクワットが，RFDに及ぼす影響を検討した．大学陸上競技同好会に所属する陸上競技選手6名を対象とし意識的に動作を最大速度で行う自重負荷スクワットを10回×3セット， 週3回の頻度で6週間行った．測定項目は，等尺性脚伸展最大筋力，立ち幅跳び，RFD（0-100 ms，100-200 msのRFD，それぞれRFD₁₀₀，RFD₂₀₀）の測定をトレーニング介入前後で行った．結果は，RFD₁₀₀とRFD₂₀₀のみに有意差が認められ， RFD₁₀₀が9.5±3.4 kN/sから11.9±4.6 kN/s，RFD₂₀₀が8.9±2.1 kN/sから10.5±2.4 kN/sにそれぞれ向上した．以上から，本研究のスクワットはRFDの向上をもたらすことが示唆された．

Effects of rapid bodyweight squat training on the rate of force development(RFD)
It has been reported that it takes more than 300 ms to exert maximum muscle strength. Since most movements in sports are performed in an extremely short time, it is important for athletes to exert power within 300 ms. Therefore, maximum muscle strength should be increased in order to improve sports performance. However, increasing the rate of force development (RFD) may be more important. It has been reported that the speed of training movements has a large effect on the rate of force development. The present study examined effects of bodyweight squats on the rate of force development. The participants, 6 track-and-field athletes who were members of a university track-and-field club, were instructed to do bodyweight squats as fast as possible 10 times × 3 sets, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Their maximum isometric leg extension muscle strength, standing long jump, and rate of force development (0-100 ms: RFD₁₀₀, 100-200 ms: RFD₂₀₀, respectively) were measured before and after the 6-week bodyweight squat training. Statistically significant differences were found in RFD₁₀₀ and RFD₂₀₀ following the squat training. RFD₁₀₀ improved from 9.5 ± 3.4 kN/s to 11.9± 4.6 kN/s, and RFD₂₀₀ improved from 8.9±2.1 kN/s to 10.5±2.4 kN/s. These results suggest that the bodyweight squats done at maximum speed may have improved RFD₁₀₀ and RFD₂₀₀.